Kraus Johannes, Scholz David, Messner Eva-Maria, Messner Matthias, Baumann Martin
Department of Human Factors, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2020 Jan 23;10:2917. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02917. eCollection 2019.
The advantages of automated driving can only come fully into play if these systems are used in an appropriate way, which means that they are neither used in situations they are not designed for (misuse) nor used in a too restricted manner (disuse). Trust in automation has been found to be an essential psychological basis for appropriate interaction with automated systems. Well-balanced system use requires a calibrated level of trust in correspondence with the actual ability of an automated system. As for these far-reaching implications of trust for safe and efficient system use, the psychological processes, in which trust is dynamically calibrated prior and during the use of automated technology, need to be understood. At this point, only a restricted body of research investigated the role of personality and emotional states for the formation of trust in automated systems. In this research, the role of the personality variables depressiveness, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and locus of control for the experience of anxiety before the first experience with a highly automated driving system were investigated. Additionally, the relationship of the investigated personality variables and anxiety to subsequent formation of trust in automation was investigated. In a driving simulator study, personality variables and anxiety were measured before the interaction with an automated system. Trust in the system was measured after participants drove with the system for a while. Trust in the system was significantly predicted by state anxiety and the personality characteristics self-esteem and self-efficacy. The relationships of self-esteem and self-efficacy were mediated by state anxiety as supported by significant specific indirect effects. While for depression the direct relationship with trust in automation was not found to be significant, an indirect effect through the experience of anxiety was supported. Locus of control did not show a significant association to trust in automation. The reported findings support the importance of considering individual differences in negative self-evaluations and anxiety when being introduced to a new automated system for individual differences in trust in automation. Implications for future research as well as implications for the design of automated technology in general and automated driving systems are discussed.
只有以恰当的方式使用这些系统，自动驾驶的优势才能充分发挥出来，这意味着既不能在其未设计的情况下使用（滥用），也不能过度受限地使用（不用）。人们发现，对自动化的信任是与自动化系统进行恰当交互的重要心理基础。平衡的系统使用需要与自动化系统的实际能力相匹配的校准信任水平。鉴于信任对安全高效的系统使用有这些深远影响，需要了解在使用自动化技术之前和期间动态校准信任的心理过程。目前，只有有限的研究调查了个性和情绪状态在对自动化系统信任形成中的作用。在这项研究中，调查了个性变量抑郁、自我效能感、自尊和控制点在首次体验高度自动化驾驶系统之前焦虑体验中的作用。此外，还研究了所调查的个性变量和焦虑与随后对自动化信任形成之间的关系。在一项驾驶模拟器研究中，在与自动化系统交互之前测量个性变量和焦虑。在参与者使用该系统驾驶一段时间后测量对系统的信任。状态焦虑以及个性特征自尊和自我效能感显著预测了对系统的信任。自尊和自我效能感之间的关系由状态焦虑介导，显著的特定间接效应支持了这一点。虽然未发现抑郁与对自动化的信任之间的直接关系显著，但通过焦虑体验的间接效应得到了支持。控制点与对自动化的信任未显示出显著关联。报告的研究结果支持了在引入新的自动化系统时考虑个体在负面自我评价和焦虑方面的差异对于自动化信任个体差异的重要性。讨论了对未来研究的启示以及对一般自动化技术和自动驾驶系统设计的启示。
