Lérias Joana R, Paraschoudi Georgia, de Sousa Eric, Martins João, Condeço Carolina, Figueiredo Nuno, Carvalho Carlos, Dodoo Ernest, Castillo-Martin Mireia, Beltrán Antonio, Ligeiro Dário, Rao Martin, Zumla Alimuddin, Maeurer Markus
ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jan 23;7:362. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00362. eCollection 2019.
The intricate interplay between the immune system and microbes is an essential part of the physiological homeostasis in health and disease. Immunological recognition of commensal microbes, such as bacterial species resident in the gut or lung as well as dormant viral species, i.e., cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in combination with a balanced immune regulation, is central to achieve immune-protection. Emerging evidence suggests that immune responses primed to guard against commensal microbes may cause unexpected pathological outcomes, e.g., chronic inflammation and/or malignant transformation. Furthermore, translocation of immune cells from one anatomical compartment to another, i.e., the gut-lung axis via the lymphatics or blood has been identified as an important factor in perpetrating systemic inflammation, tissue destruction, as well as modulating host-protective immune responses. We present in this review immune response patterns to pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic microbes and how these immune-recognition profiles affect local immune responses or malignant transformation. We discuss personalized immunological therapies which, directly or indirectly, target host biological pathways modulated by antimicrobial immune responses.
免疫系统与微生物之间复杂的相互作用是健康和疾病状态下生理稳态的重要组成部分。对共生微生物的免疫识别，如存在于肠道或肺部的细菌种类以及潜伏病毒种类，即巨细胞病毒（CMV）或爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒（EBV），再加上平衡的免疫调节，是实现免疫保护的核心。新出现的证据表明，为防范共生微生物而启动的免疫反应可能会导致意想不到的病理结果，例如慢性炎症和/或恶性转化。此外，免疫细胞从一个解剖部位转移到另一个解剖部位，即通过淋巴管或血液的肠-肺轴，已被确定为引发全身炎症、组织破坏以及调节宿主保护性免疫反应的一个重要因素。在本综述中，我们展示了针对致病性和非致病性微生物的免疫反应模式，以及这些免疫识别谱如何影响局部免疫反应或恶性转化。我们讨论了直接或间接针对由抗菌免疫反应调节的宿主生物学途径的个性化免疫疗法。
