School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
BioMAX/N-BIO Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
Cells. 2020 Feb 12;9(2):419. doi: 10.3390/cells9020419.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of the joint disease associated with age, obesity, and traumatic injury. It is a disabling degenerative disease that affects synovial joints and leads to cartilage deterioration. Despite the prevalence of this disease, the understanding of OA pathophysiology is still incomplete. However, the onset and progression of OA are heavily associated with the inflammation of the joint. Therefore, studies on OA treatment have sought to intra-articularly deliver anti-inflammatory drugs, proteins, genes, or cells to locally control inflammation in OA joints. These therapeutics have been delivered alone or increasingly, in delivery vehicles for sustained release. The use of hydrogels in OA treatment can extend beyond the delivery of anti-inflammatory components to have inherent immunomodulatory function via regulating immune cell polarization and activity. Currently, such immunomodulatory biomaterials are being developed for other applications, which can be translated into OA therapy. Moreover, anabolic and proliferative levels of OA chondrocytes are low, except initially, when chondrocytes temporarily increase anabolism and proliferation in response to structural changes in their extracellular environment. Therefore, treatments need to restore matrix protein synthesis and proliferation to healthy levels to reverse OA-induced damage. In conjugation with injectable and/or adhesive hydrogels that promote cartilage tissue regeneration, immunomodulatory tissue engineering solutions will have robust potential in OA treatment. This review describes the disease, its current and future immunomodulatory therapies as well as cartilage-regenerative injectable and adhesive hydrogels.
骨关节炎（OA）是最常见的与年龄、肥胖和创伤有关的关节疾病。它是一种使人丧失能力的退行性疾病，影响滑膜关节，导致软骨恶化。尽管这种疾病很普遍，但 OA 病理生理学的理解仍然不完整。然而，OA 的发病和进展与关节炎症密切相关。因此，OA 治疗的研究旨在向关节内递送抗炎药物、蛋白质、基因或细胞，以局部控制 OA 关节的炎症。这些治疗方法单独使用或越来越多地在持续释放的载体中使用。水凝胶在 OA 治疗中的应用不仅可以通过调节免疫细胞的极化和活性来发挥固有免疫调节功能，还可以超越抗炎成分的递送。目前，正在开发用于其他应用的免疫调节生物材料，这些材料可以转化为 OA 治疗。此外，OA 软骨细胞的合成代谢和增殖水平较低，除非最初在软骨细胞对细胞外环境的结构变化暂时增加合成代谢和增殖时。因此，治疗需要恢复基质蛋白合成和增殖到健康水平，以逆转 OA 引起的损伤。与促进软骨组织再生的可注射和/或粘性水凝胶结合使用，免疫调节组织工程解决方案在 OA 治疗中具有强大的潜力。这篇综述描述了这种疾病，以及其目前和未来的免疫调节疗法，以及可注射和粘性水凝胶。
