Department of Psychology and University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
J Pers. 2020 Oct;88(5):950-964. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12543. Epub 2020 Mar 6.
Future time perspective (FTP) refers to individuals' perceptions of the future as either open-ended or limited. Despite well-documented individual differences in FTP across the adult life span, little is known about short-term variations of FTP within individuals and the within-person associations between FTP and affective experiences.
Study 1 used data from a daily diary study over 10 days (N = 564) with a wide age range across the adult life span (M = 48.30). Study 2 used data from an ambulatory assessment study over 10 days (N = 136) obtained from healthy older adults (M = 70.45).
Findings suggest that 10% to 20% of the total variance in FTP was within-person and 29% to 62% of the total variance in affect was within-person. Multilevel modeling showed that occasions with a more open-ended FTP were occasions with more positive affect, energetic arousal, calmness, and positive valence, and less negative affect. Age moderated the within-person associations between FTP and positive and negative affect as well as energetic arousal, with weaker associations for older adults.
This research demonstrates the importance of looking at both within-person and between-person differences with respect to the associations between FTP and affective experiences in daily life.
未来时间透视（FTP）是指个体对未来的感知是无限的还是有限的。尽管成年人的 FTP 存在明显的个体差异，但关于个体内部 FTP 的短期变化以及 FTP 与情感体验之间的个体内关联知之甚少。
研究 1 使用了一项为期 10 天的日常日记研究的数据（N=564），涵盖了成年期的广泛年龄范围（M=48.30）。研究 2 使用了一项为期 10 天的动态评估研究的数据（N=136），这些数据来自健康的老年人（M=70.45）。
研究结果表明，FTP 总方差的 10%到 20%是个体内的，而情感的总方差的 29%到 62%是个体内的。多层次模型显示，FTP 更开放的时刻是更积极的情感、精力充沛的唤醒、平静和积极的情绪，以及更少的消极情感的时刻。年龄调节了 FTP 与积极和消极情感以及精力充沛的唤醒之间的个体内关联，对于老年人来说，关联较弱。
这项研究表明，在日常生活中，FTP 与情感体验之间的关联，既要考虑个体内差异，也要考虑个体间差异。
