Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Feb;24(3):1548-1562. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202002_20213.
This review inspects the relations between the microbiota and the intestinal immune system in the advancement of metabolic illnesses, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. The role of the microbiota in intestinal immune defense and the control of metabolism are subject to examination.
In type 1 diabetes, the adhesion proteins prompt inside the intestinal epithelium prompt a more significant immune response that may result in the destruction of pancreatic β cells by CD8+ T-lymphocytes, as well as increased articulation of interleukin-17, which is associated with autoimmunity. Studies suggest that the beginning of metabolic ailments and certain co-morbidities can be viewed in light of the protection between the gut microbiota and the intestinal immune system. The gut microbiota is analyzed as a key regulator of metabolic ailments. Research demonstrates that obese patients with type 2 diabetes have a certain gut microbiota and that the microbiota is translocated from the gut to the tissues in conjunction with the illness, which instigates inflammation.
Research in animals and people suggests that a probiotic supplement may regulate the gut microbiota, thereby improving the prognosis for diabetes.
The mechanism underlying this phenomenon relates to a decrease in the inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress, as well as a decrease in leaky gut. Such reactions increase insulin sensitivity and reduce autoimmune responses.
本综述考察了微生物组与代谢疾病（如肥胖和糖尿病）的肠道免疫系统之间的关系。本文将探讨微生物组在肠道免疫防御和代谢控制中的作用。
在 1 型糖尿病中，黏附蛋白在肠道上皮细胞内的表达会引发更为强烈的免疫反应，可能导致 CD8+T 淋巴细胞对胰腺β细胞的破坏，以及白细胞介素-17 的表达增加，这与自身免疫有关。研究表明，可以从肠道微生物组和肠道免疫系统的相互作用的角度来看待代谢疾病和某些合并症的开始。肠道微生物组被分析为代谢疾病的关键调节剂。研究表明，2 型糖尿病肥胖患者具有特定的肠道微生物组，并且微生物组与疾病一起从肠道转移到组织中，引发炎症。
动物和人类的研究表明，益生菌补充剂可能调节肠道微生物组，从而改善糖尿病的预后。
这种现象的机制与炎症反应和氧化应激的减少以及肠漏的减少有关。这些反应会提高胰岛素敏感性并减少自身免疫反应。
