Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2020 Jul;12(4):e1612. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1612. Epub 2020 Mar 1.
In the past decade, we have witnessed the revolution in cancer therapy, especially in the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy. In particular, the introduction of nanomedicine has achieved great improvement in breaking the limitations of and immunological tolerance caused by clinic-approved immunotherapies (cancer vaccine, CAR-T, and immune checkpoint blockade) to enhance immunogenicity, antigen presentation and T lymphocyte infiltration for eradicating the primary tumors and distant metastases simultaneously. However, some fundamental but significant issues still need to be thoroughly clarified before the combination of nanomedicine and immunotherapy moves toward clinical translation such as biological safety and synergistic mechanisms of nanomaterials in the systematic immune responses. Therefore, in this review, the role of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy is summarized, mainly focusing on the effective activation and long-term stimulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses and regulation of or remodeling the tumor microenvironment, especially the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Also, we elaborate on the targets and challenges of nanomaterials in the cancer-immunity cycle, summarize several main strategies to convert the cold tumor immune microenvironment to the hot one, and illustrate the progress in regulation of tumor immune microenvironment by targeting specific immunosuppressive cells. Finally, we prospect the nano-combined immunotherapy strategies in tumor-targeting, normalization of tumor immune environment and modification of macrophages. This article is characterized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
在过去的十年中，我们见证了癌症治疗的革命，特别是癌症免疫疗法的快速发展。特别是，纳米医学的引入在突破临床批准的免疫疗法（癌症疫苗、CAR-T 和免疫检查点阻断）所带来的局限性和免疫耐受方面取得了巨大进展，增强了免疫原性、抗原呈递和 T 淋巴细胞浸润，从而同时根除原发肿瘤和远处转移。然而，在纳米医学和免疫疗法结合走向临床转化之前，仍有一些基本但重要的问题需要彻底阐明，例如纳米材料在系统免疫反应中的生物安全性和协同机制。因此，在这篇综述中，总结了纳米材料在癌症免疫疗法中的作用，主要集中在有效激活和长期刺激固有和适应性免疫反应，以及调节或重塑肿瘤微环境，特别是肿瘤免疫抑制微环境上。此外，我们还详细阐述了纳米材料在癌症-免疫循环中的靶点和挑战，总结了几种主要的将冷肿瘤免疫微环境转化为热肿瘤免疫微环境的策略，并说明了通过靶向特定免疫抑制细胞来调节肿瘤免疫微环境的进展。最后，我们展望了针对肿瘤靶向、肿瘤免疫环境正常化和巨噬细胞修饰的纳米联合免疫治疗策略。本文的特点是：治疗方法和药物发现>新兴技术诊断工具>体内纳米诊断和成像纳米生物技术>生物学中的纳米级系统治疗方法和药物发现>用于肿瘤疾病的纳米医学。
