Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Reference Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Feb 5;10:30. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00030. eCollection 2020.
The organisms of most domains of life have adapted to circadian changes of the environment and regulate their behavior and physiology accordingly. A particular case of such paradigm is represented by some types of host-pathogen interaction during infection. Indeed, not only some hosts and pathogens are each endowed with their own circadian clock, but they are also influenced by the circadian changes of the other with profound consequences on the outcome of the infection. It comes that daily fluctuations in the availability of resources and the nature of the immune response, coupled with circadian changes of the pathogen, may influence microbial virulence, level of colonization and damage to the host, and alter the equilibrium between commensal and invading microorganisms. In the present review, we discuss the potential relevance of circadian rhythms in human bacterial and fungal pathogens, and the consequences of circadian changes of the host immune system and microbiome on the onset and development of infection. By looking from the perspective of the interplay between host and microbes circadian rhythms, these concepts are expected to change the way we approach human infections, not only by predicting the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction, but also by indicating the best time for intervention to potentiate the anti-microbial activities of the immune system and to weaken the pathogen when its susceptibility is higher.
大多数生命领域的生物已经适应了环境的昼夜变化，并相应地调节它们的行为和生理机能。这种范例的一个特殊情况是在感染期间的某些类型的宿主-病原体相互作用。事实上，不仅一些宿主和病原体各自拥有自己的生物钟，而且它们还受到对方昼夜节律变化的影响，这对感染的结果有深远的影响。因此，资源的可用性和免疫反应的性质的日常波动，加上病原体的昼夜节律变化，可能会影响微生物的毒力、定植水平和对宿主的损害，并改变共生和入侵微生物之间的平衡。在本综述中，我们讨论了昼夜节律在人类细菌和真菌病原体中的潜在相关性，以及宿主免疫系统和微生物组昼夜节律变化对感染发生和发展的影响。从宿主和微生物昼夜节律相互作用的角度来看，这些概念有望改变我们处理人类感染的方式，不仅可以预测宿主-病原体相互作用的结果，还可以指示干预的最佳时间，以增强免疫系统的抗微生物活性，并在病原体易感性更高时削弱病原体。
