Radioanalytical and Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, CY-1678, Cyprus.
Radioanalytical and Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, CY-1678, Cyprus.
J Environ Manage. 2020 May 1;261:110236. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110236. Epub 2020 Mar 2.
The fast growth in the anthropogenic activities, that involve a wide use of pharmaceuticals, has led to the appearance of new toxic and hazardous chemical compounds, called "emerging pollutants", which could cause unpredictable consequences to the ecosystems. The current review is focused on emerging pollutants occurring in food or air and include caffeine and nicotine, as well as on pharmaceuticals, in particular amoxicillin, and the concerns caused by its wide usage for medical purposes. This review, for the first time, analyzes and discusses the potential risks and implications of caffeine, nicotine and amoxicillin as emerging environmental pollutants, a field that remains underrepresented to date. Both caffeine and nicotine belong to life style compounds, while pharmaceutical amoxicillin is one of the very popular β-lactam antibiotics used to take care of human and animal infections. The review covers the toxic effect caused by caffeine, nicotine and amoxicillin on humans and animals and describes some of the main adsorbents utilized for their removal (e.g., grape stalk, tea waste, wheat grains, bentonite, activated carbon, acid and base modified grape slurry wastes, graphene oxides, modified graphene oxides, zeolites, etc.). The isotherm and kinetic models for the analysis of caffeine, nicotine and amoxicillin adsorption by different adsorbents are presented. The impact of pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage and thermodynamic studies were deeply analyzed. The review also discusses the mechanism of adsorption for the above-mentioned emerging pollutants, which includes π-π interaction, cation-π bonding, electron-donor and electron-acceptor forces, van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, etc. The present review has a potential value for chemists, ecologists, toxicologists, environmental engineers, and other professionals that are involved in environmental protection.
人为活动的快速增长，广泛使用了药品，导致了新的有毒和有害化学化合物的出现，这些化合物被称为“新兴污染物”，它们可能对生态系统造成不可预测的后果。本综述集中讨论了存在于食物或空气中的新兴污染物，包括咖啡因和尼古丁，以及用于医疗目的的药品，特别是阿莫西林，并讨论了其广泛使用所引起的关注。这是第一次分析和讨论咖啡因、尼古丁和阿莫西林作为新兴环境污染物的潜在风险和影响，这一领域迄今为止仍未得到充分代表。咖啡因和尼古丁都属于生活方式化合物，而药用阿莫西林是一种非常流行的用于治疗人类和动物感染的β-内酰胺类抗生素。综述涵盖了咖啡因、尼古丁和阿莫西林对人类和动物的毒性作用，并描述了一些用于去除它们的主要吸附剂（例如，葡萄茎、茶叶废料、麦粒、膨润土、活性炭、酸和碱改性的葡萄渣废物、氧化石墨烯、改性氧化石墨烯、沸石等）。介绍了不同吸附剂对咖啡因、尼古丁和阿莫西林吸附的等温线和动力学模型。深入分析了 pH 值、温度、吸附剂用量和热力学研究的影响。综述还讨论了上述新兴污染物的吸附机理，包括π-π相互作用、阳离子-π键合、供电子和受电子相互作用、范德华力、静电相互作用等。本综述对涉及环境保护的化学家、生态学家、毒理学家、环境工程师和其他专业人员具有潜在价值。
