Bruce Lori
Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Yale University, New Haven, USA.
HEC Forum. 2020 Jun;32(2):125-145. doi: 10.1007/s10730-020-09399-4.
Unconsented intimate exams (UIEs) on men and women are known to occur for training purposes and diagnostic reasons, mostly during gynecological surgeries but also during prostate examinations and abdominal surgeries. UIEs most often occur on anesthetized patients but have also been reported on conscious patients. Over the last 30 years, several parties-both within and external to medicine-have increasingly voiced opposition to these exams. Arguments from medical associations, legal scholars, ethicists, nurses, and some physicians have not compelled meaningful institutional change. Opposition is escalating in the form of legislative bans and whistleblower reports. Aspiring to professional and scientific detachment, institutional consent policies make no distinction between intimate exams and exams on any other body part, but patients do not think of their intimate regions in a detached or neutral way and believe intimate exams call for special protections. UIEs are found to contribute to moral erosion and moral distress of medical students and compromise the sacred trust between the medical community and the general public. This paper refutes the main arguments in favor of the status quo, identifies a series of harms related to continuing the current practice, and proposes an explicit consent policy for intimate exams along with specific changes to medical school curriculum and institutional culture. Because patients are the rights-holders of their bodies, consent practices should reflect and uphold patient values which call for explicit consent for intimate exams.
已知出于培训目的和诊断原因,会对男性和女性进行未经同意的私密检查(UIEs),主要发生在妇科手术期间,但也发生在前列腺检查和腹部手术期间。UIEs最常发生在麻醉患者身上,但也有在清醒患者身上的报道。在过去30年里,医学内部和外部的几个团体越来越多地表达了对这些检查的反对。医学协会、法律学者、伦理学家、护士和一些医生的论点并没有促使有意义的制度变革。反对意见以立法禁令和举报人报告的形式不断升级。出于追求专业和科学的超脱,机构同意政策对私密检查和对身体其他任何部位的检查没有区别,但患者不会以超脱或中立的方式看待自己的私密部位,认为私密检查需要特殊保护。研究发现,UIEs会导致医学生的道德侵蚀和道德困扰,并损害医学界与公众之间的神圣信任。本文驳斥了支持现状的主要论点,指出了与继续当前做法相关的一系列危害,并提出了针对私密检查的明确同意政策,以及对医学院课程和机构文化的具体改革。由于患者是其身体的权利所有者,同意做法应反映并维护患者的价值观,即要求对私密检查给予明确同意。