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被忽视的问题持续存在:对亲密医学检查明确同意的持续呼吁。

A Pot Ignored Boils On: Sustained Calls for Explicit Consent of Intimate Medical Exams.

作者信息

Bruce Lori

机构信息

Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Yale University, New Haven, USA.

出版信息

HEC Forum. 2020 Jun;32(2):125-145. doi: 10.1007/s10730-020-09399-4.

DOI:10.1007/s10730-020-09399-4
PMID:32152870
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7223770/
Abstract

Unconsented intimate exams (UIEs) on men and women are known to occur for training purposes and diagnostic reasons, mostly during gynecological surgeries but also during prostate examinations and abdominal surgeries. UIEs most often occur on anesthetized patients but have also been reported on conscious patients. Over the last 30 years, several parties-both within and external to medicine-have increasingly voiced opposition to these exams. Arguments from medical associations, legal scholars, ethicists, nurses, and some physicians have not compelled meaningful institutional change. Opposition is escalating in the form of legislative bans and whistleblower reports. Aspiring to professional and scientific detachment, institutional consent policies make no distinction between intimate exams and exams on any other body part, but patients do not think of their intimate regions in a detached or neutral way and believe intimate exams call for special protections. UIEs are found to contribute to moral erosion and moral distress of medical students and compromise the sacred trust between the medical community and the general public. This paper refutes the main arguments in favor of the status quo, identifies a series of harms related to continuing the current practice, and proposes an explicit consent policy for intimate exams along with specific changes to medical school curriculum and institutional culture. Because patients are the rights-holders of their bodies, consent practices should reflect and uphold patient values which call for explicit consent for intimate exams.

摘要

已知出于培训目的和诊断原因,会对男性和女性进行未经同意的私密检查(UIEs),主要发生在妇科手术期间,但也发生在前列腺检查和腹部手术期间。UIEs最常发生在麻醉患者身上,但也有在清醒患者身上的报道。在过去30年里,医学内部和外部的几个团体越来越多地表达了对这些检查的反对。医学协会、法律学者、伦理学家、护士和一些医生的论点并没有促使有意义的制度变革。反对意见以立法禁令和举报人报告的形式不断升级。出于追求专业和科学的超脱,机构同意政策对私密检查和对身体其他任何部位的检查没有区别,但患者不会以超脱或中立的方式看待自己的私密部位,认为私密检查需要特殊保护。研究发现,UIEs会导致医学生的道德侵蚀和道德困扰,并损害医学界与公众之间的神圣信任。本文驳斥了支持现状的主要论点,指出了与继续当前做法相关的一系列危害,并提出了针对私密检查的明确同意政策,以及对医学院课程和机构文化的具体改革。由于患者是其身体的权利所有者,同意做法应反映并维护患者的价值观,即要求对私密检查给予明确同意。

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Prevalence of Potentially Unnecessary Bimanual Pelvic Examinations and Papanicolaou Tests Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Aged 15-20 Years in the United States.美国 15-20 岁青少年女孩和年轻女性中潜在不必要的双手骨盆检查和巴氏涂片检查的流行情况。
JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Feb 1;180(2):274-280. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5727.
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Teaching Pelvic Examination Under Anesthesia Without Patient Consent.未经患者同意在麻醉状态下进行盆腔检查教学。
JAMA. 2019 Feb 26;321(8):732-733. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.0613.
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The positive value of moral distress.道德困境的积极价值。
Bioethics. 2019 Jun;33(5):601-608. doi: 10.1111/bioe.12564. Epub 2019 Feb 7.
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Abusive Doctors: How the Atlanta Newspaper Exposed a System That Tolerates Sexual Misconduct by Physicians.无良医生:亚特兰大报纸如何揭露一个容忍医生性行为不端的体系
Am J Bioeth. 2019 Jan;19(1):1-3. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2018.1546512.
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Brain Death at Fifty: Exploring Consensus, Controversy, and Contexts.脑死亡五十载:共识、争议与背景探讨。
Hastings Cent Rep. 2018 Nov;48 Suppl 4:S2-S5. doi: 10.1002/hast.942.
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Revisiting Death: Implicit Bias and the Case of Jahi McMath.重新审视死亡:内隐偏见与 Jahi McMath 案
Hastings Cent Rep. 2018 Nov;48 Suppl 4:S77-S80. doi: 10.1002/hast.963.
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'Only by speaking out can we create lasting change': what can we learn from the Dr Larry Nassar tragedy?“只有大声说出来,我们才能创造持久的改变”:我们能从拉里·纳萨尔医生的悲剧中学到什么?
Br J Sports Med. 2019 Jan;53(1):57-60. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099403. Epub 2018 Jun 23.
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Educational pelvic exams on anesthetized women: Why consent matters.对麻醉状态下女性进行的教育性盆腔检查:为何同意至关重要。
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Time Is Ethics.时间就是伦理。
Hastings Cent Rep. 2018 Jan;48(1):3-4. doi: 10.1002/hast.803.
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The use of portable video media vs standard verbal communication in the urological consent process: a multicentre, randomised controlled, crossover trial.泌尿外科手术同意过程中便携式视频媒体与标准口头沟通的应用:一项多中心、随机对照交叉试验
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