Evaluation of Duration of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Improved Influenza Viral Vector-Based Vaccine Against Infection in Sheep and Goats.

In this study, we first evaluated the duration of a protective immune response against infection in non-pregnant sheep and goats immunized with an improved (by vaccine formulation and route of administration) commercial vaccine based on influenza viral vectors expressing immunodominant Omp16, L7/L12, Omp19, or Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) proteins (Flu-BA_Omp19-SOD). Sheep and goats in the vaccinated group were immunized thrice concurrently via the subcutaneous and conjunctival routes of administration at an interval of 21 days. Animals in the control group were administered with 20% Montanide Gel01 adjuvant in phosphate-buffered saline in the same way. We showed that the Flu-BA_Omp19-SOD vaccine in sheep and goats induces antigen-specific Th1-biased [immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) over IgG1] antibody response and T-cell and interferon γ responses lasting over a period of 1 month post-last vaccination (PLV). The levels of protection against 16M infection (vaccination efficacy) in vaccinated sheep for a period of 6 months were 0-20% and in goats 20-40% compared to control challenge group. But the severity of 16M infection in the Flu-BA_Omp19-SOD-vaccinated sheep and goats during the entire period of observation revealed the infection index ( = 0.001- < 0.0001) and colonization in lymph nodes and organs ( = 0.04- < 0.0001) were significantly lower than those in the control group. To conclude, the Flu-BA_Omp19-SOD vaccine using improved formulation and administration method in sheep and goats provides augmented antigen specific humoral and T-cell immune response lasting only for 1 month PLV and partial protection for 6 months against 16M infection.