Masomian Malihe, Ahmad Zuleeza, Gew Lai Ti, Poh Chit Laa
Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
Vaccines (Basel). 2020 Mar 17;8(1):132. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010132.
is a major pathogen causing pneumonia with over 2 million deaths annually, especially in young children and the elderly. To date, at least 98 different pneumococcal capsular serotypes have been identified. Currently, the vaccines for prevention of infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and unencapsulated . This has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and affordable pneumococcal vaccines, which could cover a wide range of serotypes. This review discusses the new approaches to develop effective vaccines with broad serotype coverage as well as recent development of promising pneumococcal vaccines in clinical trials. New vaccine candidates are the inactivated whole-cell vaccine strain (ΔΔ mutant) constructed by mutations of specific genes and several protein-based vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens, such as lipoprotein and surface-exposed protein (PspA). Among the vaccines in Phase 3 clinical trials are the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV-15 (V114) and 20vPnC. The inactivated whole-cell and several protein-based vaccines are either in Phase 1 or 2 trials. Furthermore, the recent progress of nanoparticles that play important roles as delivery systems and adjuvants to improve the performance, as well as the immunogenicity of the nanovaccines, are reviewed.
是导致肺炎的主要病原体，每年造成超过200万人死亡，尤其是在幼儿和老年人中。迄今为止，已鉴定出至少98种不同的肺炎球菌荚膜血清型。目前，预防感染的疫苗是23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（PPV23）和肺炎球菌结合疫苗（PCV10和PCV13）。这些疫苗仅覆盖部分肺炎球菌血清型，无法预防非疫苗血清型和无荚膜的[病原体名称未明确]。这导致了抗生素耐药的非疫苗血清型迅速增加。因此，迫切需要开发新的、有效的且价格合理的肺炎球菌疫苗，其能够覆盖广泛的血清型。本综述讨论了开发具有广泛血清型覆盖的有效疫苗的新方法以及在临床试验中有前景的肺炎球菌疫苗的最新进展。新的候选疫苗是通过特定基因突变构建的灭活全细胞疫苗株（ΔΔ突变体）以及几种使用保守肺炎球菌抗原（如脂蛋白和表面暴露蛋白（PspA））的基于蛋白质的疫苗。在3期临床试验中的疫苗有肺炎球菌结合疫苗PCV - 15（V114）和20vPnC。灭活全细胞疫苗和几种基于蛋白质的疫苗处于1期或2期试验中。此外，还综述了纳米颗粒作为递送系统和佐剂以改善纳米疫苗性能以及免疫原性方面的最新进展。
