室内灰尘中的多氯联苯和有机氯农药：尼泊尔科帕瓦农村地区（Kopawa）的来源和健康暴露风险探讨。
Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorines pesticides in indoor dust: An exploration of sources and health exposure risk in a rural area (Kopawa) of Nepal.
机构信息
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
Department of Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya-Panchanpur, Post-Fatehpur, P.S-Tekari, District-Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India.
出版信息
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Jun 1;195:110376. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110376. Epub 2020 Mar 19.
While contamination of indoor environment with organochlorine compounds (OCs) is well documented worldwide, only a few studies highlighted the problem of indoor pollution in Indian sub-continent, including Nepal. This study insight the contamination level, distribution pattern, and sources of OCs in indoor dust from a rural area of Nepal. Additionally, daily exposure risk through different intake pathways was estimated in order to mark the potential risk of OCs to local residents. Results indicated the predominance of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dust. ƩOCPs (median 87 ng/g) in dust was about 7-8 times greater than ƩPCBs (median 10.5 ng/g). DDT was the most abundant chemical among ƩOCPs, followed by HCHs and endosulfan, and accounted for 73%, 7%, and 4% of ƩOCPs, respectively. A relatively high level of ƩDDT than other OCPs suggests the existence of DDT source in the Nepalese environment. Among PCB, tetra-CBs were most prevalent, trailed by penta-CBs, hexa-CBs, and hepta-CBs, and comprised 28%, 21%, 17% and 17% of ƩPCBs, respectively. Dioxin like-PCBs (median 3.48 ng/g) was about two times higher than the total indicator-PCB (median 1.63 ng/g). High p,p-DDT/p,p-DDE ratio (median 2.89) suggested fresh application and minimal degradation of DDT in the local environment of Kopawa. While lower α-/γ-HCH ratio (median 0.75) indicated lindane contamination as the primary sources of HCH. Moreover, the low α-/β-endosulfan ratio (median 0.86) specified the fresh use of commercial endosulfan. Among OCPs, only DDT positively related to total organic carbon (TOC) (Rho = 0.55, p < 0.05) but not black carbon (BC), proposing minimal or zero impact of TOC and BC. For PCBs, PCB-126 was moderately and negatively correlated with TOC (Rho = -0.49, p < 0.05), but not BC. The daily risk exposure (DRE) assessment showed that children are more vulnerable to OCs than the adult. The DRE of OCs in this study were 2-4 order of magnitude lower than their corresponding reference dose (RfD), proposing insignificant risk.
虽然室内环境中有机氯化合物（OCs）的污染情况在全球范围内已有大量记录，但在包括尼泊尔在内的印度次大陆，仅有少数研究强调了室内污染问题。本研究深入探讨了尼泊尔农村地区室内灰尘中 OCs 的污染水平、分布模式和来源。此外，还通过不同的摄入途径估计了每日暴露风险，以确定 OCs 对当地居民的潜在风险。结果表明，有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）在灰尘中占主导地位。灰尘中ΣOCPs（中位数 87ng/g）约为ΣPCBs（中位数 10.5ng/g）的 7-8 倍。DDT 是ΣOCPs 中最丰富的化学物质，其次是 HCHs 和硫丹，分别占 ΣOCPs 的 73%、7%和 4%。与其他 OCPs 相比，ΣDDT 水平较高，表明尼泊尔环境中存在 DDT 源。在 PCB 中，四氯联苯最为普遍，其次是五氯联苯、六氯联苯和七氯联苯，分别占 ΣPCBs 的 28%、21%、17%和 17%。类似二恶英的 PCB（中位数 3.48ng/g）约是总指示性 PCB（中位数 1.63ng/g）的两倍。p,p-DDT/p,p-DDE 比值（中位数 2.89）较高，表明 DDT 在 Kopawa 当地环境中是新的应用且降解程度较低。而较低的α-/γ-HCH 比值（中位数 0.75）表明林丹是 HCH 的主要来源。此外，α-/β-硫丹比值（中位数 0.86）较低，表明商业性硫丹的使用较为新鲜。在 OCPs 中，只有 DDT 与总有机碳（TOC）呈正相关（Rho=0.55，p<0.05），但与黑碳（BC）无关，表明 TOC 和 BC 的影响极小或为零。对于 PCBs，PCB-126 与 TOC 呈中度负相关（Rho=-0.49，p<0.05），但与 BC 无关。每日风险暴露（DRE）评估表明，儿童比成人更容易受到 OCs 的影响。本研究中 OCs 的 DRE 比相应的参考剂量（RfD）低 2-4 个数量级，表明风险可忽略不计。
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