Regional Health Observatory Île-de-France, Paris, France.
Airparif, Paris, France.
Environ Res. 2020 Jun;185:109405. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109405. Epub 2020 Mar 20.
Literature assessing the effects of policies aimed at reducing traffic-related air pollution is scarce. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expected impacts, in terms of air quality and health effects, of various hypothetical low-emission zone (LEZ) scenarios in Greater Paris for a planned intervention in 2018/2019 which combine two different perimeters and two levels of vehicles ban, and to assess those impacts according to the socioeconomic status (SES) of the population.
We evaluated the effects of four hypothetical LEZ scenarios on various stages of the full-chain model, more specifically, road traffic modelling (traffic flow, type of vehicles and related number of kilometers driven), emissions, fine scale PM and NO concentrations, related resident population exposure, and health effects. We computed the overall benefits of expected air pollution improvements in terms of preventable deaths and a decrease in new cases of the following three major chronic diseases: ischemic heart diseases in adults, asthma in children and low weight in full-term newborns.
The most stringent LEZ scenario would lower the maximum level of exposure from 55 μg/m to 42 μg/m in Paris. In one year, this scenario would help prevent: 340 deaths (-0.6%) representing 114,300 life years gained, 170 low-weight full-term births (-4.9%), 130 new cases of ischemic heart disease (IHD) (-1.8%) and 2930 new cases of asthma (-3.0%) among 9.4 million residents. Residents outside the LEZ would also benefit from this scenario. Results indicated that the intervention could contribute to increasing inequalities. The comparison of scenarios underlined the value of extending the LEZ to include a wider zone (including 80 more municipalities surrounding Paris). This would lead to a more equitable spread of the benefits over the population.
Traffic control policies such as LEZ are difficult to accept for some categories of commuters and economic stakeholders. As of June 2019, the concertation process for the proposed Paris LEZ is still ongoing. This work provides authorities with detailed analyses of the options for this measure as well as information on related implications. It will help decision makers prioritize which preventive measures to introduce.
针对旨在减少与交通相关的空气污染的政策进行评估的文献较为缺乏。本研究的目的是评估 2018/2019 年计划干预措施中，各种假设的大巴黎低排放区（LEZ）情景对空气质量和健康影响的预期影响，该干预措施结合了两个不同的边界和两个车辆禁行级别，并根据人口的社会经济地位（SES）评估这些影响。
我们评估了四个假设的 LEZ 情景对全链模型各个阶段的影响，特别是道路交通建模（交通流量、车辆类型和相关行驶里程）、排放、细颗粒物和 NO 浓度、相关居民暴露以及健康影响。我们根据可预防的死亡人数和以下三种主要慢性疾病（成人缺血性心脏病、儿童哮喘和足月新生儿低体重）的新发病例数量，计算了预期空气污染改善的整体收益。
最严格的 LEZ 情景将使巴黎的最大暴露水平从 55μg/m 降低到 42μg/m。在一年内，该情景将有助于预防：340 人死亡（-0.6%），相当于 940 万居民获得 114300 个生命年，170 名足月低体重新生儿（-4.9%），130 例新的缺血性心脏病（IHD）病例（-1.8%）和 2930 例新的哮喘病例（-3.0%）。LEZ 之外的居民也将受益于该情景。结果表明，干预措施可能会加剧不平等。情景比较强调了将 LEZ 扩展到包括巴黎周围 80 个更多城镇的更广泛区域的价值。这将使该措施的收益在人群中更公平地分配。
交通控制政策（如 LEZ）对于一些通勤者和经济利益相关者来说很难接受。截至 2019 年 6 月，拟议的巴黎 LEZ 的协商过程仍在进行中。这项工作为当局提供了该措施的详细分析以及相关影响的信息。它将帮助决策者确定优先考虑引入哪些预防措施。
