The Orthopedic Institute of New Jersey, Sparta, New Jersey.
Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, New York, NY.
JBJS Rev. 2020 Mar;8(3):e0140. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00140.
Sex and gender are not the same. Sex is defined by the human genotype and pertains to biologic differences between males and females. Gender is a fluid concept molded by self-perception, social constructs, and culturally laden attitudes and expectations of men and women. In general, males have longer limb levers, stronger bones, greater muscle mass and strength, and greater aerobic capacity. Females exhibit less muscle fatigability and faster recovery during endurance exercise. Physiologic sex-based differences have led to an average performance gap of 10% that has remained stable since the 1980s. The performance disparity is lowest for swimming and highest for track and field events. The International Olympic Committee currently mandates that female athletes with differences of sex development, or intersex traits, and transgender female athletes must limit their blood testosterone to <10 nmol/L for 12 months to be eligible for competition in the female classification.
性别和性征并不相同。性征由人类基因型定义，涉及男性和女性之间的生物学差异。性别是一个由自我认知、社会建构以及男女的文化观念和期望所塑造的流动概念。一般来说，男性具有更长的肢体杠杆、更强壮的骨骼、更大的肌肉质量和力量，以及更大的有氧能力。女性在耐力运动中表现出较低的肌肉疲劳性和更快的恢复能力。基于生理性别差异导致的平均表现差距为 10%，自 20 世纪 80 年代以来一直保持稳定。这种表现差距在游泳项目中最小，在田径项目中最大。国际奥林匹克委员会目前规定，患有性发育障碍或具有两性特征的女性运动员和跨性别女性运动员必须将其血液中的睾丸激素限制在 10 纳摩尔/升以下 12 个月，才有资格参加女性组别的比赛。
