Insights into the metabolic responses of two contrasting Tibetan hulless barley genotypes under low nitrogen stress.

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants. However, excessive use of N fertilizer for cultivation is an environmental hazard. A good adaption to N deficiency is known in the Tibetan hulless barley. Therefore, it is of interest to complete the metabolic analysis on LSZQK which is a low nitrogen (low-N) sensitive genotype and Z0284 that is tolerant to low-N. We identified and quantified 750 diverse metabolites in this analysis. The two genotypes show differences in their basal metabolome under normal N condition. Polyphenols and lipids related metabolites were significantly enriched in Z0284 having a basal role prior to exposure to low-N stress. Analysis of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) induced by low-N explain the genotype-specific responses. Fourteen DAMs showed similar patterns of change between low-N and control conditions in both genotypes. This could be the core low-N responsive metabolites regardless of the tolerance level in hulless barley. We also identified 4 DAMs (serotonin, MAG (18:4) isomer 2, tricin 7-O-feruloylhexoside and gluconic acid) shared by both genotypes displaying opposite patterns of regulation under low-N conditions and may play important roles in low-N tolerance. This report provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of low-N stress tolerance in hulless barley.