Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
Department of Ophthalmology, Specialties Hospital of the National Occidental Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020 Mar 11;2020:3096470. doi: 10.1155/2020/3096470. eCollection 2020.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressive disease induced by a sustained state of chronic hyperglycemia that can lead to several complications targeting highly metabolic cells. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a multifactorial microvascular complication of DM, with high prevalence, which can ultimately lead to visual impairment. The genesis of DR involves a complex variety of pathways such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, neurodegeneration, angiogenesis, lipid peroxidation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, each possessing potential therapeutic biomarkers. A specific treatment has yet to be developed for early stages of DR since no management is given other than glycemic control until the proliferative stage develops, offering a poor visual prognosis to the patient. In this narrative review article, we evaluate different dietary regimens, such as the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Pattern to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and their functional foods, and low-calorie diets (LCDs). Nutraceuticals have also been assessed in DR on account of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties, which may have an important impact on the physiopathology of DR. These nutraceuticals have shown to lower reactive oxygen species (ROS), important inflammatory factors, cytokines, and endothelial damage biomarkers either as monotherapies or combined therapies or concomitantly with established diabetes management or nonconventional adjuvant drugs like topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
糖尿病（DM）是一种由慢性高血糖持续状态引起的进行性疾病，可导致针对高代谢细胞的多种并发症。糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）是 DM 的一种多因素微血管并发症，其患病率很高，最终可导致视力损害。DR 的发生涉及多种复杂途径，如氧化应激、炎症、细胞凋亡、神经退行性变、血管生成、脂质过氧化和内质网（ER）应激，每种途径都具有潜在的治疗生物标志物。由于在增殖期发展之前，除了血糖控制之外，没有其他管理措施，因此针对 DR 的早期阶段尚未开发出特定的治疗方法，这为患者提供了较差的视觉预后。在这篇叙述性综述文章中，我们评估了不同的饮食方案，如地中海饮食、停止高血压的饮食模式（DASH）及其功能性食品，以及低热量饮食（LCDs）。鉴于其抗氧化、抗炎和抗血管生成特性，我们还评估了在 DR 中使用的营养保健品，这些特性可能对 DR 的病理生理学产生重要影响。这些营养保健品已被证明可降低活性氧（ROS）、重要的炎症因子、细胞因子和内皮损伤生物标志物，无论是作为单一疗法还是联合疗法，还是与已确立的糖尿病管理或非传统辅助药物（如局部非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs））同时使用。
