Ivanov V V, Vorob'ev O A, Snipkov Iu Iu
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1988 Jul-Aug;22(4):31-5.
The problem of spatial orientation of pilots flying high-altitude aircraft is in the focus of present-day aviation medicine because of a growing number of accidents in the air. One of the productive lines of research is to study spatial orientation in terms of active formation and maintenance of its imagery in a complex environment. However investigators usually emphasize the role of visual (instrumental) information in the image construction, almost ignoring the sensorimotor component of spatial orientation. The theoretical analysis of the process of spatial orientation has facilitated the development of the concept assuming that the pattern of space perception changes with growing professional experience. The concept is based on an active approach to the essence, emergence, formation and variation in the pattern of sensory perception of space in man's consciousness. This concept asserts that as pilot's professional expertise increases, the pattern of spatial orientation becomes geocentric because a new system of spatial perception evolves which is a result of the development of a new (instrumental) type of motor activity in space. This finds expression in the fact that perception of spatial position inflight occurs when man has to resolve a new motor task--movement along a complex trajectory in the three-dimensional space onboard a flying vehicle. The meaningful structure of this problem which is to be implemented through controlling movements of the pilot acts as a factor that forms this new system of perception. All this underlies the arrangement of meaningful collection of instrumental data and detection of noninstrumental signals in the comprehensive perception of changes in the spatial position of a flying vehicle.
由于空中事故数量不断增加，驾驶高空飞行器的飞行员的空间定向问题成为当代航空医学关注的焦点。其中一个富有成效的研究方向是，在复杂环境中，从空间定向意象的主动形成和维持方面来研究空间定向。然而，研究人员通常强调视觉（仪器）信息在图像构建中的作用，几乎忽略了空间定向的感觉运动成分。对空间定向过程的理论分析推动了一种概念的发展，该概念假定空间感知模式会随着专业经验的增加而改变。这一概念基于一种积极的方法，来探讨人类意识中空间感觉感知模式的本质、出现、形成和变化。该概念断言，随着飞行员专业技能的提高，空间定向模式会以地球为中心，因为一种新出现的空间感知系统逐渐形成，这是在空间中发展出一种新的（仪器辅助）运动活动类型的结果。这体现在以下事实中：飞行中对空间位置的感知发生在人类必须解决一项新的运动任务时——即沿着飞行器在三维空间中的复杂轨迹移动。这个要通过控制飞行员的动作来实现的问题的有意义结构，成为形成这种新感知系统的一个因素。所有这些构成了在对飞行器空间位置变化的综合感知中有意义地收集仪器数据和检测非仪器信号的基础。
