Wong Mark, Xagoraraki Irene, Rose Joan B
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824.
Perspect Med Virol. 2007;17:259-284. doi: 10.1016/S0168-7069(07)17013-0. Epub 2007 Sep 6.
The detection of viruses in water and other environmental samples constitutes special challenges. The standard method of detection of viral pathogens in environmental samples uses assays in mammalian cell culture. The infected cell cultures undergo observable morphological changes called cytopathogenic effects (CPEs) that are used for the detection of viruses. Even though many viruses are culturable in several cell lines and are thus detectable by the development of CPEs in cell culture, there are several viruses, like enteric waterborne adenoviruses types 40 and 41, which are difficult to culture and do not produce clear and consistent CPE. Other viruses, like waterborne caliciviruses, have not yet been successfully grown in cell cultures. Conventional cell culture assays for the detection of viruses in environmental samples have limited sensitivity and can be labor-intensive and timeconsuming. Two advances, the PCR and microarrays, have spurred the study of viruses and should be further applied to the field of environmental virology. The ability of both DNA viruses and RNA viruses to rapidly evolve means new and emerging viral pathogens will need to be addressed. Pathogen discovery and characterization, occurrence in the environment, exposure pathways, and health outcomes via environmental exposure need to be addressed. This will likely follow a new microbial risk framework that will require focused research on some important properties of viral disease transmission. The future will require models that examine community risks and provide explicit links between the models currently under development for environmental exposure and infectious disease.
在水和其他环境样本中检测病毒存在特殊挑战。检测环境样本中病毒病原体的标准方法是在哺乳动物细胞培养中进行检测。受感染的细胞培养物会发生可观察到的形态变化，称为细胞病变效应（CPEs），用于病毒检测。尽管许多病毒可在多种细胞系中培养，因此可通过细胞培养中CPE的发展进行检测，但仍有几种病毒，如40型和41型肠道水传播腺病毒，难以培养且不会产生清晰一致的CPE。其他病毒，如水传播杯状病毒，尚未在细胞培养中成功培养。用于检测环境样本中病毒的传统细胞培养检测方法灵敏度有限，且可能耗费人力和时间。两项进展，即聚合酶链反应（PCR）和微阵列，推动了病毒研究，应进一步应用于环境病毒学领域。DNA病毒和RNA病毒快速进化的能力意味着需要应对新出现的病毒病原体。需要解决病原体的发现与特征描述、在环境中的存在、暴露途径以及通过环境暴露产生的健康结果等问题。这可能遵循一个新的微生物风险框架，该框架将需要对病毒疾病传播的一些重要特性进行重点研究。未来将需要能够检查社区风险并在当前正在开发的环境暴露模型与传染病模型之间建立明确联系的模型。
