Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
Henry M Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jul 1;112(1):180-186. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa044.
The optimal macronutrient composition of the diet is controversial and many adults attempt to regulate the intake of specific macronutrients for various health-related reasons.
The objective was to compare stability and ranges of intakes of different macronutrients across diverse adult populations in the USA and globally.
US dietary intake data from NHANES 2009-2014 were used to determine macronutrient intake as a percentage of total energy intake. Variability in macronutrient intake was estimated by calculating the difference between 75th and 25th percentile (Q3-Q1) IQRs of macronutrient intake distributions. In addition, intake data from 13 other countries with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) over $10,000 US dollars (USD) were used to assess variability of intake internationally since there are large differences in types of foods consumed in different countries.
Protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake (NHANES 2009-2014) was 15.7 ± 0.1, 48.1 ± 0.1, and 32.9 ± 0.1% kcal, respectively, in US adults. The IQR of protein intake distribution (3.73 ± 0.11% kcal) was 41% of carbohydrate intake distribution (9.18 ± 0.20% kcal) and 58% of fat intake distribution (6.40 ± 0.14% kcal). The IQRs of carbohydrate and fat intake distributions were significantly (P <0.01) influenced by age and race; however, the IQR of protein intake was not associated with demographic and lifestyle factors including sex, race, income, physical activity, and body weight. International mean protein intake was 16.3 ± 0.2% kcal, similar to US intake, and there was less variation in protein than carbohydrate or fat intake.
Protein intake of the US population and multiple international populations, regardless of demographic and lifestyle factors, was consistently ∼16% of total energy, suggesting biological control mechanism(s) tightly regulate protein intake and, consequently, influence intake of other macronutrients and food constituents. Substantial differences in intake of the other macronutrients observed in US and international populations had little influence on protein intake. This trial was registered at the ISRCTN registry as ISRCTN46157745 (https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN4615774).
关于饮食中宏量营养素的最佳组成仍存在争议，许多成年人出于各种与健康相关的原因，试图调节特定宏量营养素的摄入量。
本研究旨在比较美国和全球不同成年人群体中不同宏量营养素的摄入量的稳定性和范围。
使用 2009-2014 年 NHANES 的美国膳食摄入数据，以总能量摄入的百分比来确定宏量营养素的摄入量。通过计算宏量营养素摄入量分布的第 75 百分位数（Q3）和第 25 百分位数（Q1）之间的差异（IQR）来估计宏量营养素摄入量的变异性。此外，还使用了其他 13 个人均国内生产总值（GDP）超过 10000 美元的国家的数据，以评估国际上的摄入量变异性，因为不同国家的食物类型存在很大差异。
美国成年人的蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪摄入量（NHANES 2009-2014 年）分别为 15.7±0.1%、48.1±0.1%和 32.9±0.1%千卡。蛋白质摄入量分布的 IQR（3.73±0.11%千卡）为碳水化合物摄入量分布（9.18±0.20%千卡）的 41%，为脂肪摄入量分布（6.40±0.14%千卡）的 58%。碳水化合物和脂肪摄入量分布的 IQR 显著（P<0.01）受年龄和种族的影响；然而，蛋白质摄入量的 IQR 与性别、种族、收入、体力活动和体重等人口统计学和生活方式因素无关。国际平均蛋白质摄入量为 16.3±0.2%千卡，与美国摄入量相似，且蛋白质的摄入量变化小于碳水化合物或脂肪。
美国人群和多个国际人群的蛋白质摄入量，无论人口统计学和生活方式因素如何，均约为总能量的 16%，这表明生物控制机制严格调节蛋白质摄入量，并因此影响其他宏量营养素和食物成分的摄入量。美国和国际人群中观察到的其他宏量营养素摄入量的显著差异对蛋白质摄入量的影响很小。该试验在 ISRCTN 注册中心注册，注册号为 ISRCTN46157745（https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN4615774）。
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