Wittig Friederike, Hummel Eva, Wenzler Germaine, Heuer Thorsten
Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Nutritional Behavior, Haid-und-Neu-Str.9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Nutritional Behavior, Haid-und-Neu-Str.9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Appetite. 2017 Jul 1;114:125-136. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.018. Epub 2017 Mar 16.
The aim of the study was to analyze the energy and macronutrient intake over the course of the day of selected population groups in Germany defined by sex, age, BMI, SES, and diet quality. The study was based on food consumption data from the German National Nutrition Survey II (2005-2007) assessed by two 4-day dietary weighing records of 662 women and men aged between 18 and 80 years. Energy and macronutrient intake were calculated using the German Nutrient Database 3.02 and summarized for the periods 'morning', 'midday', 'afternoon', 'evening', and 'night'. Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine differences in energy and macronutrient intake. For women and men, a three-main-meal pattern ('morning', 'midday', and 'evening') was observed, indicated as peaks in energy intake at 08:00 to 09:00, 13:00 and 19:00 o'clock. The distributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake mirror the distribution of energy intake over the course of the day. The highest energy intake was found in the 'evening' period, especially in young adults, overweight persons, persons with a high SES, and men with a low diet quality. Women of the oldest age group showed a similar energy intake across the three-main-meals in contrast to young adults, who had lower peaks in the 'morning' and 'midday' periods as well as a shift to later meal times. Young adults seem to have a higher variability in energy intake and a less distinct meal pattern, while seniors have a more structured day. Because a high energy intake in the 'evening' period is associated with negative health-related factors, the distribution of energy intake should be considered by recommendations for a healthy nutritional behavior.
该研究的目的是分析德国选定人群按性别、年龄、体重指数、社会经济地位和饮食质量划分在一天中的能量和常量营养素摄入量。该研究基于德国国家营养调查II（2005 - 2007年）的食物消费数据，这些数据通过对662名年龄在18至80岁之间的女性和男性进行的两份为期4天的饮食称重记录进行评估。使用德国营养数据库3.02计算能量和常量营养素摄入量，并汇总“上午”、“中午”、“下午”、“晚上”和“夜间”时段的数据。使用广义估计方程模型来检验能量和常量营养素摄入量的差异。对于女性和男性，观察到一种三餐为主的模式（“上午”、“中午”和“晚上”），表现为能量摄入量在08:00至09:00、13:00和19:00出现峰值。碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量的分布反映了一天中能量摄入量的分布。在“晚上”时段发现能量摄入量最高，尤其是在年轻人、超重者、社会经济地位高的人群以及饮食质量低的男性中。与年轻人相比，最年长年龄组的女性在三餐中的能量摄入量相似，年轻人在“上午”和“中午”时段的峰值较低，且用餐时间推迟。年轻人似乎能量摄入量的变异性较高且用餐模式不太明显，而老年人的一天则更有规律。由于“晚上”时段的高能量摄入与健康相关的负面因素有关，因此在建议健康的营养行为时应考虑能量摄入的分布。
