Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2020 May 18;33(5):1082-1109. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00519. Epub 2020 Apr 30.
The interplay between nanotechnology and pathogens offers a new quest to fight against human infections. Inspiring from their unique thermal, magnetic, optical, or redox potentials, numerous nanomaterials have been employed for bacterial theranostics. The past decade has seen dramatic progress in the development of various nanoantimicrobials, which demands more focus on their safety assessment. The present review critically discusses the toxicity of nanoantimicrobials and the role of key features, including composition, size, surface charge, loading capability, hydrophobicity/philicity, precise release, and functionalization, that can contribute to modulating the effects on microbes. Moreover, how differences in microbe's structure, biofilm formation, persistence cells, and intracellular pathogens bestow resistance or sensitivity toward nanoantimicrobials is broadly investigated. In extension, the most important types of nanoantimicrobial with clinical prospective and their safety assessment are summarized, and finally, based on available evidence, an insight of the principles in designing safer nanoantimicrobials for overcoming pathogens and future challenges in the field is provided.
纳米技术与病原体的相互作用为对抗人类感染提供了新的探索途径。受其独特的热、磁、光或氧化还原潜力的启发，许多纳米材料已被用于细菌治疗学。过去十年中，各种纳米抗菌剂的发展取得了显著进展，因此需要更加关注它们的安全性评估。本综述批判性地讨论了纳米抗菌剂的毒性以及关键特性的作用，包括组成、大小、表面电荷、负载能力、疏水性/亲水性、精确释放和功能化，这些特性有助于调节其对微生物的影响。此外，广泛研究了微生物结构、生物膜形成、持久细胞和细胞内病原体的差异如何赋予其对纳米抗菌剂的抗性或敏感性。此外，还总结了具有临床前景的最重要类型的纳米抗菌剂及其安全性评估，并最终根据现有证据，深入了解设计更安全的纳米抗菌剂以克服病原体的原则以及该领域未来的挑战。
