Kakitapalli Yesubabu, Ampolu Janakiram, Madasu Satya Dinesh, Sai Kumar M L S
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management, Tekkali, India.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, India.
Kidney Dis (Basel). 2020 Mar;6(2):85-91. doi: 10.1159/000504622. Epub 2019 Dec 18.
Nephropathy problems in the Udhanam region of Andhra Pradesh in India have motivated researchers to investigate the various factors related to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initially, studies came across the markers of identification of CKD, i.e., glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albumin creatinine rate, as global markers of identification. Cystatin C (Cys C) and its reciprocal (1/Cys C) are used to calculate GFR. This is a very easy method compared to the more accurate methods such as radiolabelled tracer clearances, which are invasive, may involve radiation, and require several hours to perform, e.g., 99-diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (Tc-DTPA) and Cr-EDTA. This article provides the causes (or risk factors), symptoms, and complications of CKD in a clear manner such that even common people can easily understand. Once a patient is detected and proved to be affected by CKD then the patient as well as the caretakers, including doctors, must follow some constraints. Thereby it is possible to prevent CKD progression in the patient. Modern methods are needed to prevent the pathogens which are responsible for CKD.
With the help of various engineering techniques one can easily design controllers to assess as well as to prevent CKD permanently. The easiest procedure for identifying CKD is to screen people. Current recommendations suggest screening of individuals with diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and family history of kidney diseases in the course of routine health check-ups. Much work has been done in medical sciences in the area of CKD, but there is still scope for further research. From the recent studies, advanced tools such as data mining, etc., are considered to be the current trend in the area of CKD.
From this article, the authors propose that patients who are already affected by urinary tract infection, acute kidney injury, and a family history of CKD should be examined via some basic tests for the presence of CKD.
印度安得拉邦乌德哈纳姆地区的肾病问题促使研究人员调查与慢性肾脏病（CKD）相关的各种因素。最初，研究发现了CKD的识别标志物，即肾小球滤过率（GFR）和白蛋白肌酐比值，作为全球通用的识别标志物。胱抑素C（Cys C）及其倒数（1/Cys C）用于计算GFR。与更准确的方法（如放射性示踪剂清除率）相比，这是一种非常简单的方法，后者具有侵入性，可能涉及辐射，且需要数小时才能完成，例如99-二乙三胺五乙酸（Tc-DTPA）和铬-乙二胺四乙酸（Cr-EDTA）。本文清晰地阐述了CKD的病因（或危险因素）、症状和并发症，以便普通人也能轻松理解。一旦检测到患者并证明其患有CKD，那么患者以及包括医生在内的护理人员必须遵循一些限制条件。从而有可能防止患者的CKD病情进展。需要现代方法来预防导致CKD的病原体。
借助各种工程技术，人们可以轻松设计控制器，以永久评估和预防CKD。识别CKD最简单的程序是对人群进行筛查。当前建议在常规健康检查过程中对患有糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病以及有肾病家族史的个体进行筛查。在CKD领域的医学科学方面已经做了很多工作，但仍有进一步研究的空间。从最近的研究来看，数据挖掘等先进工具被认为是CKD领域的当前趋势。
作者从本文中提出，已经患有尿路感染、急性肾损伤以及有CKD家族史的患者应通过一些基本测试检查是否存在CKD。
