Detailed Review of Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND

Nephropathy problems in the Udhanam region of Andhra Pradesh in India have motivated researchers to investigate the various factors related to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initially, studies came across the markers of identification of CKD, i.e., glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albumin creatinine rate, as global markers of identification. Cystatin C (Cys C) and its reciprocal (1/Cys C) are used to calculate GFR. This is a very easy method compared to the more accurate methods such as radiolabelled tracer clearances, which are invasive, may involve radiation, and require several hours to perform, e.g., 99-diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (Tc-DTPA) and Cr-EDTA. This article provides the causes (or risk factors), symptoms, and complications of CKD in a clear manner such that even common people can easily understand. Once a patient is detected and proved to be affected by CKD then the patient as well as the caretakers, including doctors, must follow some constraints. Thereby it is possible to prevent CKD progression in the patient. Modern methods are needed to prevent the pathogens which are responsible for CKD.

SUMMARY

With the help of various engineering techniques one can easily design controllers to assess as well as to prevent CKD permanently. The easiest procedure for identifying CKD is to screen people. Current recommendations suggest screening of individuals with diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and family history of kidney diseases in the course of routine health check-ups. Much work has been done in medical sciences in the area of CKD, but there is still scope for further research. From the recent studies, advanced tools such as data mining, etc., are considered to be the current trend in the area of CKD.

KEY MESSAGE

From this article, the authors propose that patients who are already affected by urinary tract infection, acute kidney injury, and a family history of CKD should be examined via some basic tests for the presence of CKD.