Maddison Wayne P, Maddison David R, Derkarabetian Shahan, Hedin Marshal
Departments of Zoology and Botany and Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada.
Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Oregon State University Corvallis United States of America.
Zookeys. 2020 Apr 8;925:1-54. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.925.39691. eCollection 2020.
The systematics of sitticine jumping spiders is reviewed, with a focus on the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, in order to revise their generic classification, clarify the species of one region (Canada), and study their chromosomes. A genome-wide molecular phylogeny of 23 sitticine species, using more than 700 loci from the arachnid Ultra-Conserved Element (UCE) probeset, confirms the Neotropical origins of sitticines, whose basal divergence separates the Aillutticina (a group of five Neotropical genera) from the subtribe Sitticina (five genera of Eurasia and the Americas). The phylogeny shows that most Eurasian sitticines form a relatively recent and rapid radiation, which we unite into the genus Simon, 1868, consisting of the subgenera Simon, 1901 (seven described species), (41 described species), and Prószyński, 2017 (one species). Five species of occur natively in North America, presumably through dispersals back from the Eurasian radiation, but an additional three species were more recently introduced from Eurasia. Peckham & Peckham, 1883 is considered to be a full synonym of C. L. Koch, 1837 (not a distinct subspecies). Emerton, 1891 is removed from synonymy and recognized as a senior synonym of Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944. Thus, the five native in North America are , , , , and . The other sitticines of Canada and the U.S.A. are placed in separate genera, all of which arose from a Neotropical radiation including Simon, 1901 and F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1901: (1) Banks, 1905 (, , ), (2) (), and (3) Prószyński, 2017 (). All Neotropical and Caribbean "" are transferred to either (12 species total) or (14 species). (three species) and are both removed from synonymy with ; the synonymy of Prószyński, 1971 with Caporiacco, 1947 is restored; Caporiacco, 1947 is synonymized with . Six generic names are newly synonymized with and one with . Two Neotropical species are described as new, and Forty-six new combinations are established and three are restored. Three species synonymies are restored, one is new, and two are rejected. Across this diversity of species is a striking diversification of chromosome complements, with X-autosome fusions occurring at least four times to produce neo-Y sex chromosome systems (XXY and XXXY), some of which ( and ) are sufficiently derived as to no longer preserve the simple traces of ancestral X material. The correlated distribution of neo-Y and a base autosome number of 28 suggests that neo-Y origins occurred preferentially in lineages with the presence of an extra pair of autosomes.
本文对西蒂科跳蛛的系统学进行了综述，重点关注古北区和新北区，旨在修订其属级分类，明确一个地区（加拿大）的物种，并研究其染色体。利用蛛形纲超保守元件（UCE）探针组中的700多个位点，构建了23种西蒂科跳蛛的全基因组分子系统发育树，证实了西蒂科跳蛛起源于新热带区，其基部的分化将艾卢蒂蒂纳（一组五个新热带属）与西蒂纳亚族（欧亚大陆和美洲的五个属）分开。系统发育树表明，大多数欧亚大陆的西蒂科跳蛛形成了一个相对较新且快速的辐射演化，我们将其归入西蒙属（Simon, 1868），该属由西蒙亚属（Simon, 1901，已描述7个物种）、[此处原文缺失部分内容]（41个已描述物种）和普罗斯津斯基亚属（Prószyński, 2017，1个物种）组成。北美本土有5种[此处原文缺失部分内容]，可能是从欧亚大陆辐射演化中扩散回来的，但另外3种是最近从欧亚大陆引入的。佩克汉姆氏蛛（Peckham & Peckham, 1883）被认为是科赫氏蛛（C. L. Koch, 1837）的完全同物异名（而非一个独特的亚种）。埃默顿氏蛛（Emerton, 1891）不再被视为同物异名，并被确认为钱伯林和艾维氏蛛（Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944）的次异名。因此，北美本土的5种[此处原文缺失部分内容]分别是[此处原文缺失部分内容]、[此处原文缺失部分内容]、[此处原文缺失部分内容]、[此处原文缺失部分内容]和[此处原文缺失部分内容]。加拿大和美国的其他西蒂科跳蛛被归入不同的属，所有这些属都起源于新热带区的辐射演化，包括西蒙亚属（Simon, 1901）和皮卡德 - 剑桥氏蛛属（F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1901）：（1）班克斯氏蛛属（Banks, 1905，[此处原文缺失部分内容]、[此处原文缺失部分内容]、[此处原文缺失部分内容]），（2）[此处原文缺失部分内容]（[此处原文缺失部分内容]），（3）普罗斯津斯基氏蛛属（Prószyński, 2017，[此处原文缺失部分内容]）。所有新热带区和加勒比地区的[此处原文缺失部分内容]都被转移到[此处原文缺失部分内容]（共12种）或[此处原文缺失部分内容]（共14种）。[此处原文缺失部分内容]（3种）和[此处原文缺失部分内容]都不再被视为与[此处原文缺失部分内容]的同物异名；普罗斯津斯基氏蛛（Prószyński, 1971）与卡波里亚科氏蛛（Caporiacco, 1947）的同物异名关系得以恢复；卡波里亚科氏蛛（Caporiacco, 1947）被视为[此处原文缺失部分内容]的同物异名。六个属名被新认定为与[此处原文缺失部分内容]的同物异名，一个与[此处原文缺失部分内容]的同物异名。描述了两个新热带区物种为新物种，即[此处原文缺失部分内容]和[此处原文缺失部分内容]。建立了46个新组合，恢复了3个。恢复了3个物种同物异名，认定了1个新的同物异名，否定了2个。在这种物种多样性中，染色体组型有显著的多样化，X - 常染色体融合至少发生了4次，产生了新Y性染色体系统（XXY和XXXY），其中一些（如[此处原文缺失部分内容]和[此处原文缺失部分内容]）已经高度分化，不再保留祖先X染色体物质的简单痕迹。新Y染色体与28条基本常染色体数的相关分布表明，新Y染色体的起源优先发生在具有额外一对常染色体的谱系中。
