Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea.
Cells. 2020 Apr 22;9(4):1044. doi: 10.3390/cells9041044.
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secretory membranous elements used by cells to transport proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs). While their existence has been known for many years, only recently has research begun to identify their function in intercellular communication and gene regulation. Importantly, cells have the ability to selectively sort miRNA into EVs for secretion to nearby or distant targets. These mechanisms broadly include RNA-binding proteins such as hnRNPA2B1 and Argonaute-2, but also membranous proteins involved in EV biogenesis such as Caveolin-1 and Neural Sphingomyelinase 2. Moreover, certain disease states have also identified dysregulated EV-miRNA content, shedding light on the potential role of selective sorting in pathogenesis. These pathologies include chronic lung disease, immune response, neuroinflammation, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and heart disease. In this review, we will overview the mechanisms whereby cells selectively sort miRNA into EVs and also outline disease states where EV-miRNAs become dysregulated.
细胞外囊泡（EV）是细胞用来运输蛋白质、脂质、mRNA 和 microRNAs（miRNAs）的分泌膜性元件。尽管它们的存在已经多年，但直到最近，研究才开始确定它们在细胞间通讯和基因调控中的功能。重要的是，细胞具有将 miRNA 选择性分拣到 EV 中进行分泌到附近或远处靶标的能力。这些机制广泛包括 RNA 结合蛋白，如 hnRNPA2B1 和 Argonaute-2，以及参与 EV 发生的膜蛋白，如 Caveolin-1 和神经鞘氨醇酶 2。此外，某些疾病状态也已经确定了 EV-miRNA 含量的失调，这揭示了选择性分拣在发病机制中的潜在作用。这些病理包括慢性肺部疾病、免疫反应、神经炎症、糖尿病、癌症和心脏病。在这篇综述中，我们将概述细胞将 miRNA 选择性分拣到 EV 中的机制，并概述 EV-miRNAs 失调的疾病状态。
