Functional Structure Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
Biomolecules. 2020 Apr 25;10(5):668. doi: 10.3390/biom10050668.
During neural development, growth cones, very motile compartments of tips of axons, lead axonal extension to the correct targets. Subsequently, presynapses, another axonal compartment with vigorous trafficking of synaptic vesicles, emerge to form functional synapses with postsynapses. In response to extracellular stimuli, the immediate supply of proteins by local translation within these two axonal compartments far from cell bodies confers high motility of growth cones and active vesicle trafficking in presynapses. Although local translation in growth cones and presynapses occurs at a very low level compared with cell bodies and even dendrites, recent progress in omics and visualization techniques with subcellular fractionation of these compartments has revealed the actual situation of local translation within these two axonal compartments. Here, the increasing evidence for local protein synthesis in growth cones and presynapses for axonal and synaptic functions has been reviewed. Furthermore, the mechanisms regulating local translation in these two compartments and pathophysiological conditions caused by dysregulated local translation are highlighted.
在神经发育过程中，生长锥——轴突末端非常活跃的区域，引导轴突延伸到正确的靶标。随后，突触前区——另一个具有活跃突触小泡运输的轴突区域——出现并与突触后区形成功能性突触。在细胞外刺激下，这些远离细胞体的两个轴突区域内的局部翻译能立即提供蛋白质，这赋予了生长锥的高迁移性和突触前区中活跃的囊泡运输。尽管与细胞体甚至树突相比，生长锥和突触前区的局部翻译水平非常低，但这些区域的细胞内成分亚细胞分离的组学和可视化技术的最新进展揭示了这两个轴突区域内局部翻译的实际情况。在这里，综述了局部蛋白合成在生长锥和突触前区对于轴突和突触功能的作用的证据。此外，还强调了调节这两个区域内局部翻译的机制以及局部翻译失调引起的病理生理条件。
