Jakubczyk Karolina, Dec Karolina, Kałduńska Justyna, Kawczuga Dorota, Kochman Joanna, Janda Katarzyna
Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Poland.
Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2020 Apr 22;48(284):124-127.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules capable of independent existence, containing at least one oxygen atom and one or more unpaired electrons. This group includes oxygen free radicals, e.g. superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, hydroperoxyl radical, singlet oxygen, as well as free nitrogen radicals. Under physiological conditions, small quantities of ROS are formed during cell processes, such as aerobic respiration or inflammatory processes, mainly in hepatocytes and macrophages. Reactive oxygen species are primarily signalling molecules. In addition, they induce cell differentiation and apoptosis, thus contributing to the natural ageing process. They also participate in muscle contractions, regulation of vascular tone, and determine bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity. Increased production of free radicals is caused by excessive exposure to UV radiation, long-term stress conditions, intense physical exercise, improper diet and use of stimulants. Under physiological conditions, there is a balance between the generation and removal of free radicals from the body. The aim of the article was to review the current state of knowledge regarding oxidative stress, free radical function and free radical diseases. The search was performed using search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the search included: oxygen radicals, oxidative stress, free radical-related diseases. Excessive formation of free radicals contributes to oxidative stress, causing damage at the molecular and cellular level. Reactive oxygen species in vitro cause chemical modifications as well as damaging effects to proteins (aggregation, denaturation), lipids (peroxidation), carbohydrates and nucleotides (changes in the DNA structure). These changes contribute to the development of many free radical-mediated diseases. Oxidative stress has a particularly adverse effect on the circulatory, respiratory and nervous systems.
活性氧（ROS）是能够独立存在的分子，含有至少一个氧原子和一个或多个未成对电子。这一类包括氧自由基，如超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基、氢过氧自由基、单线态氧，以及氮自由基。在生理条件下，细胞过程如有氧呼吸或炎症过程中会形成少量的ROS，主要在肝细胞和巨噬细胞中。活性氧主要是信号分子。此外，它们诱导细胞分化和凋亡，从而促进自然衰老过程。它们还参与肌肉收缩、血管张力调节，并决定杀菌和抑菌活性。自由基产生增加是由于过度暴露于紫外线辐射、长期应激状态、剧烈体育锻炼、不当饮食和使用兴奋剂。在生理条件下，体内自由基的产生和清除之间存在平衡。本文的目的是综述关于氧化应激、自由基功能和自由基疾病的当前知识状态。使用PubMed和谷歌学术等搜索引擎进行检索。检索中使用的关键词包括：氧自由基、氧化应激、自由基相关疾病。自由基的过度形成导致氧化应激，在分子和细胞水平上造成损害。体外活性氧会引起化学修饰以及对蛋白质（聚集、变性）、脂质（过氧化）、碳水化合物和核苷酸（DNA结构改变）的破坏作用。这些变化促成了许多自由基介导疾病的发展。氧化应激对循环、呼吸和神经系统有特别不利的影响。
