Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.
PLoS One. 2020 Apr 30;15(4):e0232278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232278. eCollection 2020.
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is mainly grown for oil extraction and the remaining oil-free seed referred as peanut meal (PM) leaves with high protein content which can be a possible substitute for fishmeal in aqua-diets. This study evaluates the suitability of three types of processed peanut seeds, namely untreated PM (UPM), fermented PM (FPM), and germinated PM (GPM) from peanut seeds to replace fishmeal in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) diets cultured under a commercial production environment. Nine formulated diets having 3 inclusion levels from the 3 different peanuts (15%, 30% and 60% fishmeal replacement) were evaluated against a control without PM. The performance of various types and levels of PMs was assessed by examining the growth, gut and liver condition and survival of fish after eight weeks of feeding the test diets. The immunological responses of juvenile barramundi were assessed by exposing the fish to the hypoxic conditions for 4 hours. The results showed that fermentation and germination significantly (P<0.05) reduced the tannins and alkaloid contents in the PMs. The fish fed 15% GPM diet grew faster and had higher survival than fish fed control diet, while fish fed diet including 60% GPM showed a significant reduction in growth and survival, and an increase in food conversion rate (FCR). FPM and UPM at any inclusion levels did not alter the growth, survival and FCR. Histology analysis revealed that fish fed 60% GPM and UPM showed higher amount of lipid droplets in liver, myodigeneration in fish muscle and a decrease number of acidic mucins in distal gut compare to all other test diets. Stress caused by reduced dissolved oxygen did not change the sodium, potassium, chlorides and alanine aminotransferase concentrations of plasma of fish fed any diet. However, the stress did increase plasma cortisol significantly (P<0.05) in fish fed 60% GPM, 30% and 60% UPM diets. These results suggest that the PMs can partly replace the fishmeal in juvenile barramundi diet and the processing further improves the PMs quality by reducing its antinutritional factors which in turn can increase either its inclusion level in the barramundi diets or improved growth and health status of the species.
花生（Arachis hypogaea）主要用于提取油脂，剩余的无油种子称为花生粕（PM），含有丰富的蛋白质，可作为水产饲料中鱼粉的替代品。本研究评估了三种加工花生种子，即未经处理的 PM（UPM）、发酵 PM（FPM）和发芽 PM（GPM），替代巴沙鱼（Lates calcarifer）饲料中鱼粉的适宜性，该饲料在商业生产环境中养殖。设计了 9 种饲料，含有 3 种花生的 3 个添加水平（替代 15%、30%和 60%的鱼粉），并与不含 PM 的对照组进行比较。通过 8 周的试验饲料喂养，评估了不同类型和水平的 PM 对鱼的生长、肠道和肝脏状况以及存活率的影响。通过将幼鱼暴露在缺氧环境中 4 小时来评估巴沙鱼的免疫反应。结果表明，发酵和发芽显著（P<0.05）降低了 PM 中的单宁和生物碱含量。与对照组相比，摄食 15%GPM 饲料的鱼生长速度更快，存活率更高，而摄食 60%GPM 饲料的鱼生长和存活率显著降低，饲料转化率（FCR）增加。任何添加水平的 FPM 和 UPM 都不会改变生长、存活率和 FCR。组织学分析显示，与其他试验饲料相比，摄食 60%GPM 和 UPM 的鱼肝脏中含有更多的脂滴、鱼肌肉中的肌原纤维再生和远侧肠道中酸性粘蛋白数量减少。溶解氧减少引起的应激没有改变摄食任何饲料的鱼血浆中的钠、钾、氯化物和丙氨酸氨基转移酶浓度。然而，应激显著增加了摄食 60%GPM、30%和 60%UPM 饲料的鱼血浆中皮质醇的含量（P<0.05）。这些结果表明，PM 可以部分替代巴沙鱼幼鱼饲料中的鱼粉，进一步加工通过降低其抗营养因子的含量来提高 PM 的质量，从而可以增加 PM 在巴沙鱼饲料中的添加水平或提高该物种的生长和健康状况。
