Day M J, Carey S, Clercx C, Kohn B, MarsilIo F, Thiry E, Freyburger L, Schulz B, Walker D J
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia and Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, USA.
J Comp Pathol. 2020 Apr;176:86-108. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.005. Epub 2020 Mar 17.
The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic worldwide syndrome involving multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. Traditionally, Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) were considered the major causative agents. Lately, new pathogens have been implicated in the development of CIRDC, namely canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Mycoplasma cynos and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. To better understand the role of the different pathogens in the development of CIRDC and their epidemiological relevance in Europe, prevalence data were collected from peer-reviewed publications and summarized. Evidence of exposure to Bb is frequently found in healthy and diseased dogs and client-owned dogs are as likely to be infected as kennelled dogs. Co-infections with viral pathogens are common. The findings confirm that Bb is an important cause of CIRDC in Europe. CAV-2 and CDV recovery rates from healthy and diseased dogs are low and the most likely explanation for this is control through vaccination. Seroconversion to CHV can be demonstrated following CIRDC outbreaks and CHV has been detected in the lower respiratory tract of diseased dogs. There is some evidence that CHV is not a primary cause of CIRDC, but opportunistically re-activates at the time of infection and exacerbates the disease. The currently available data suggest that CIV is, at present, neither a prevalent nor a significant pathogen in Europe. CPiV remains an important pathogen in CIRDC and facilitates co-infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens. CnPnV and CRCoV are important new elements in the aetiology of CIRDC and spread particularly well in multi-dog establishments. M. cynos is common in Europe and is more likely to occur in younger and kennelled dogs. This organism is frequently found together with other CIRDC pathogens and is significantly associated with more severe respiratory signs. S. zooepidemicus infection is not common and appears to be a particular problem in kennels. Protective immunity against respiratory diseases is rarely complete, and generally only a reduction in clinical signs and excretion of pathogen can be achieved through vaccination. However, even vaccines that only reduce and do not prevent infection carry epidemiological advantages. They reduce spread, increase herd immunity and decrease usage of antimicrobials. Recommending vaccination of dogs against pathogens of CIRDC will directly provide epidemiological advantages to the population and the individual dog.
犬传染性呼吸道疾病综合征（CIRDC）是一种全球地方性综合征，涉及多种病毒和细菌病原体。传统上，支气管败血波氏杆菌（Bb）、2型犬腺病毒（CAV-2）、犬瘟热病毒（CDV）、犬疱疹病毒（CHV）和犬副流感病毒（CPiV）被认为是主要病原体。最近，新的病原体被认为与CIRDC的发生有关，即犬流感病毒（CIV）、犬呼吸道冠状病毒（CRCoV）、犬肺病毒（CnPnV）、犬支原体和马链球菌兽疫亚种。为了更好地了解不同病原体在CIRDC发生中的作用及其在欧洲的流行病学相关性，我们从同行评审的出版物中收集了患病率数据并进行了总结。在健康犬和患病犬中经常发现接触Bb的证据，客户自养犬与犬舍饲养犬感染的可能性相同。病毒病原体的合并感染很常见。研究结果证实，Bb是欧洲CIRDC的一个重要病因。健康犬和患病犬中CAV-2和CDV的检出率较低，最可能的解释是通过疫苗接种进行了控制。CIRDC疫情爆发后可证明CHV血清转化，并且在患病犬的下呼吸道中检测到了CHV。有证据表明，CHV不是CIRDC的主要病因，而是在感染时机会性重新激活并加重疾病。目前可得的数据表明，CIV目前在欧洲既不是流行病原体也不是重要病原体。CPiV仍然是CIRDC中的一种重要病原体，并促进与其他病毒和细菌病原体的合并感染。CnPnV和CRCoV是CIRDC病因中的重要新因素，在多犬场所传播尤其迅速。犬支原体在欧洲很常见，更可能发生在幼犬和犬舍饲养犬中。这种微生物经常与其他CIRDC病原体一起发现，并且与更严重的呼吸道症状显著相关。兽疫链球菌感染并不常见，似乎在犬舍中是一个特殊问题。针对呼吸道疾病的保护性免疫很少是完全的，通常通过疫苗接种只能减少临床症状和病原体排泄。然而，即使是只能减少而不能预防感染的疫苗也具有流行病学优势。它们减少传播、提高群体免疫力并减少抗菌药物的使用。建议对犬接种针对CIRDC病原体的疫苗将直接为犬群和个体犬带来流行病学优势。
