Chouraqui Jean-Pierre
Division of Pediatrics, Woman, Mother and Child Department, Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(9):1503-1514. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1761772. Epub 2020 May 12.
Human milk is a source of nutrients and contains many distinct bioactive components. Among these, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted considerable attention and are being investigated as a "novel foods". Human milk is unique in its oligosaccharide composition. Recent research has focused on the complexity of HMOs by highlighting their diversity, structural variability, concentration variance, and structure-function relationships. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that HMOs drive infant gut microbiota, improve intestinal barrier functions, and modulate cell receptor signaling, thereby contributing to the development of infant immunity. These studies, combined with epidemiological data, indicate that some HMO may confer health benefits by preventing infections and diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and allergies. However, randomized controlled trials are restricted to structurally simple compounds such as 2' fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose. More controlled clinical trials are needed to justify routine supplementation of formula. It is felt that a better understanding of the role of HMOs leading to the development of inexpensive methods for large-scale HMO production is needed.
母乳是营养物质的来源，含有许多独特的生物活性成分。其中，母乳低聚糖（HMOs）已引起了相当大的关注，并作为“新型食品”正在接受研究。母乳在其低聚糖组成方面独具特色。最近的研究通过强调其多样性、结构变异性、浓度差异以及结构-功能关系，聚焦于HMOs的复杂性。体外和体内研究表明，HMOs可驱动婴儿肠道微生物群，改善肠道屏障功能，并调节细胞受体信号传导，从而有助于婴儿免疫力的发展。这些研究与流行病学数据相结合，表明某些HMOs可能通过预防诸如坏死性小肠结肠炎和过敏等感染和疾病而带来健康益处。然而，随机对照试验仅限于结构简单的化合物，如2'-岩藻糖基乳糖和乳糖-N-新四糖。需要更多对照临床试验来证明配方奶粉常规添加的合理性。人们认为，需要更好地了解HMOs的作用，以开发大规模生产HMOs的廉价方法。
