Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Extremophiles. 2020 Jul;24(4):565-576. doi: 10.1007/s00792-020-01176-y. Epub 2020 May 13.
We evaluated the diversity and distribution of viable fungi present in permafrost and active layers obtained from three islands of Maritime Antarctica. A total of 213 fungal isolates were recovered from the permafrost, and 351 from the active layer, which were identified in 58 taxa; 27 from permafrost and 31 from the active layer. Oidiodendron, Penicillium, and Pseudogymnoascus taxa were the most abundant in permafrost. Bionectriaceae, Helotiales, Mortierellaceae, and Pseudeurotium were the most abundant in the active layer. Only five shared both substrates. The yeast Mrakia blollopis represented is the first reported on Antarctic permafrost. The fungal diversity detected was moderate to high, and composed of cosmopolitan, cold-adapted, and endemic taxa, reported as saprobic, mutualistic, and parasitic species. Our results demonstrate that permafrost shelters viable fungi across the Maritime Antarctica, and that they are contrasting to the overlying active layer. We detected important fungal taxa represented by potential new species, particularly, those genetically close to Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which can cause extinction of bats in North America and Eurasia. The detection of viable fungi trapped in permafrost deserves further studies on the extension of its fungal diversity and its capability to expand from permafrost to other habitats in Antarctica, and elsewhere.
我们评估了来自南极洲海洋三个岛屿的永久冻土和活动层中存在的可培养真菌的多样性和分布。从永久冻土中回收了 213 株真菌分离株，从活动层中回收了 351 株，鉴定出 58 个分类群；永久冻土中有 27 个，活动层中有 31 个。Oidiodendron、Penicillium 和 Pseudogymnoascus 类群在永久冻土中最为丰富。Bionectriaceae、Helotiales、Mortierellaceae 和 Pseudeurotium 在活动层中最为丰富。只有五个同时存在于两种基质中。酵母 Mrakia blollopis 是首次在南极永久冻土中报道的。检测到的真菌多样性中等偏高，由世界性、耐寒性和特有分类群组成，报道为腐生性、共生性和寄生性物种。我们的研究结果表明，永久冻土庇护着整个南极洲海洋的可培养真菌，它们与上层的活动层形成鲜明对比。我们检测到了一些重要的真菌类群，其中包括一些潜在的新物种，特别是那些与 Pseudogymnoascus destructans 密切相关的物种，这种真菌可以导致北美的蝙蝠和欧亚大陆的蝙蝠灭绝。在永久冻土中检测到的可培养真菌值得进一步研究，以扩展其真菌多样性，并研究其从永久冻土扩展到南极洲和其他地区其他栖息地的能力。
