Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Adv Microb Physiol. 2020;76:129-186. doi: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.01.004. Epub 2020 Feb 11.
The synthetic s-triazines are abundant, nitrogen-rich, heteroaromatic compounds used in a multitude of applications including, herbicides, plastics and polymers, and explosives. Their presence in the environment has led to the evolution of bacterial catabolic pathways in bacteria that allow use of these anthropogenic chemicals as a nitrogen source that supports growth. Herbicidal s-triazines have been used since the mid-twentieth century and are among the most heavily used herbicides in the world, despite being withdrawn from use in some areas due to concern about their safety and environmental impact. Bacterial catabolism of the herbicidal s-triazines has been studied extensively. Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, which was isolated more than thirty years after the introduction of the s-triazine herbicides, has been the model system for most of these studies; however, several alternative catabolic pathways have also been identified. Over the last five years, considerable detail about the molecular mode of action of the s-triazine catabolic enzymes has been uncovered through acquisition of their atomic structures. These structural studies have also revealed insights into the evolutionary origins of this newly acquired metabolic capability. In addition, s-triazine-catabolizing bacteria and enzymes have been used in a range of applications, including bioremediation of herbicides and cyanuric acid, introducing metabolic resistance to plants, and as a novel selectable marker in fermentation organisms. In this review, we cover the discovery and characterization of bacterial strains, metabolic pathways and enzymes that catabolize the s-triazines. We also consider the evolution of these new enzymes and pathways and discuss the practical applications that have been considered for these bacteria and enzymes. One Sentence Summary: A detailed understanding of bacterial herbicide catabolic enzymes and pathways offer new evolutionary insights and novel applied tools.
合成的均三嗪是丰富的、富含氮的杂环化合物，广泛应用于除草剂、塑料和聚合物以及爆炸物等多个领域。它们在环境中的存在导致了细菌中能够利用这些人为化学物质作为氮源支持生长的代谢途径的进化。自 20 世纪中叶以来，除草剂三嗪一直在使用，尽管由于对其安全性和环境影响的担忧，在一些地区已停止使用，但它们仍是世界上使用最广泛的除草剂之一。对除草剂三嗪的细菌代谢已进行了广泛研究。假单胞菌菌株 ADP 是在三嗪类除草剂问世三十多年后分离出来的，它是大多数此类研究的模型系统；然而，也已经确定了几种替代的代谢途径。在过去五年中，通过获得其原子结构，对三嗪代谢酶的分子作用模式有了相当详细的了解。这些结构研究还揭示了对这种新获得的代谢能力的进化起源的深入了解。此外，三嗪分解细菌和酶已应用于多种应用，包括除草剂和氰尿酸的生物修复、引入对植物的代谢抗性，以及作为发酵生物的新型选择性标记。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了细菌菌株、代谢途径和代谢三嗪的酶的发现和特性。我们还考虑了这些新酶和途径的进化，并讨论了这些细菌和酶的实际应用。一句话总结：对细菌除草剂代谢酶和途径的深入了解提供了新的进化见解和新的应用工具。
