Post-Doc Researcher, Institute for History Textbooks Research, Dongguk University.
Uisahak. 2020 Apr;29(1):43-80. doi: 10.13081/kjmh.2020.29.43.
In 1886, cholera was prevalent nationwide in Joseon. This year was not yet the time when the Joseon government officially overhauled quarantine rules to go into effect. Thus, quarantine efforts to prevent cholera varied depending on each of the three opening ports in the Joseon Dynasty. In Wonsan, officials of the three countries(Joseon, Japan and Qing) discussed ways to deal with cholera, and quarantine activities were carried out smoothly. On the other hand, Busan underwent friction and conflict between the parties over the implementation of quarantine rules within the region. When the Japanese consulate said that it would establish quarantine rules first and implement them, officials from various countries, including the Joseon Dynasty, strongly protested against the movement, saying that they did not reach prior consent. On top of that, economic interests were also affecting circumstances of port trade. In Incheon, there were differences between the home country and the local consulate over the urgent issue to be dealt with locally and the legal principles of applying the treaty. Since consular officials were not authorized to establish quarantine rules, the situation was settled into cancellation of the rules already issued there. The Japanese consul working at each port in the Joseon Dynasty suggested specific rules to develop quarantine activities. At this point, we can read Japan's intention to preempt the standard of future quarantine inspections. The enforcement of quarantine rules, however, was a matter that required consent from the Joseon official Gamri, the Acting Commissioner of the Joseon Maritime Customs and diplomats from each country. Furthermore, they had to go through the process of obtaining review and approval from their home countries if there were any problems in the operation of the treaty. The establishment and implementation of quarantine rules were complicated by interests of various players in each country concerning protection of their own citizens. Even though it was timely and the purpose of implementation was good, it could not follow through the quarantine rules as proposed by the Japanese consul at the opening port. The accumulation of quarantine experience and information at each port of Joseon in 1886 provided the foundation for the Joseon government to move toward to establish quarantine rules and implement them with the consent of each country in the following year.
1886 年，霍乱在朝鲜全国流行。此时，朝鲜政府尚未全面修订检疫法规并使之生效。因此，各开放港口的检疫工作因国而异。在元山，三国（朝鲜、日本和清）官员讨论了应对霍乱的方法，检疫工作顺利进行。另一方面，釜山在实施该地区检疫法规方面，各方存在摩擦和冲突。当日本领事馆表示将首先制定并实施检疫法规时，包括朝鲜在内的各国官员强烈抗议这一行动，称他们没有事先达成一致。此外，经济利益也影响了港口贸易的情况。在仁川，由于当地领事馆和本国之间在当地亟待解决的问题以及适用条约的法律原则存在分歧，情况变得更加复杂。由于领事馆官员无权制定检疫法规，因此已发布的法规被取消。在朝鲜各港口工作的日本领事提出了具体的规则，以开展检疫活动。此时，我们可以看出日本有意抢先制定未来检疫检查的标准。然而，检疫法规的执行需要得到朝鲜官员——代理朝鲜海关税务司加里和各国外交官的同意。此外，如果在条约的运作中出现任何问题，他们还必须经过本国的审查和批准程序。各国各利益相关方出于保护本国公民的利益，使得检疫规则的制定和执行变得复杂。尽管时机及时，执行目的良好，但仍无法按照开放港口日本领事提出的建议来执行检疫规则。1886 年，朝鲜各港口积累的检疫经验和信息为朝鲜政府在次年与各国协商的基础上建立检疫规则并实施提供了基础。
