Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Cx, Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná PR 83255-976, Brazil.
IFREMER, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, 44000 Nantes, France.
Toxins (Basel). 2020 May 15;12(5):327. doi: 10.3390/toxins12050327.
is a genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates which is widely distributed in tropical and temperate zones. Toxicity has been reported in selected species, although the identity of causative compounds is still controversial. In this study, we investigated the taxonomical and toxicological aspects of species from Brazil. Since light- and electron microscopy-based morphology was not enough to distinguish small-celled species, ITS and LSU D1-D3 phylogenetic analyses were used for species definition. Cultures of and were established from samples collected along the northeastern Brazilian coast, the first record of both species in South Atlantic waters. Cultures of and were also established and exhibited acute toxicity to adults of , while and were non-toxic. The presence of 30 yessotoxin analogues, 7 metabolites of and 44 metabolites was screened in 14 strains of . 44-methyl gambierone (formerly referred to as MTX3) and a new isomer of this compound were detected only in , using both low- and high-resolution LC-MS/MS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of gambierone analogues in dinoflagellates other than ; the role of in ciguatera poisoning thus deserves to be considered in further investigations.
是一类广泛分布于热带和温带地区的海洋底栖甲藻。一些种被报道具有毒性，尽管其致病化合物的身份仍存在争议。在这项研究中，我们调查了来自巴西的 种的分类学和毒理学方面。由于基于光镜和电镜的形态学不足以区分小细胞种，因此我们使用 ITS 和 LSU D1-D3 系统发育分析来定义种。从巴西东北部海岸采集的样本中建立了 和 的培养物，这是这两个种在南大西洋水域的首次记录。还建立了 和 的培养物，它们对 的成虫表现出急性毒性，而 和 则没有毒性。在 14 株 中筛选出了 30 种 yessotoxin 类似物、7 种 和 44 种 代谢物。使用低和高分辨 LC-MS/MS，仅在 中检测到 44-甲基 Gambierone（以前称为 MTX3）和该化合物的一种新异构体。据我们所知，这是除 以外的甲藻中 Gambierone 类似物的首次报道；因此，在进一步的研究中值得考虑 在雪卡中毒中的作用。
