Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
Toxins (Basel). 2021 May 5;13(5):333. doi: 10.3390/toxins13050333.
Understanding the toxicity and production rates of the various secondary metabolites produced by and cohabitating benthic dinoflagellates is essential to unravelling the complexities associated with ciguatera poisoning. In the present study, a sulphated cyclic polyether, gambierone, was purified from CAWD232 and its acute toxicity was determined using intraperitoneal injection into mice. It was shown to be of low toxicity with an LD of 2.4 mg/kg, 9600 times less toxic than the commonly implicated Pacific ciguatoxin-1B, indicating it is unlikely to play a role in ciguatera poisoning. In addition, the production of gambierone and 44-methylgambierone was assessed from 20 isolates of ten , two and two species using quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Gambierone was produced by seven species, ranging from 1 to 87 pg/cell, and one species from each of the genera and , ranging from 2 to 17 pg/cell. The production of 44-methylgambierone ranged from 5 to 270 pg/cell and was ubiquitous to all species tested, as well as both species of and . The relative production ratio of these two secondary metabolites revealed that only two species produced more gambierone, CAWD237 and CAWD232. This represents the first report of gambierone acute toxicity and production by these cohabitating benthic dinoflagellate species. While these results demonstrate that gambierones are unlikely to pose a risk to human health, further research is required to understand if they bioaccumulate in the marine food web.
了解 和共生的底栖甲藻产生的各种次生代谢物的毒性和产生率对于揭示与雪卡中毒相关的复杂性至关重要。在本研究中，从 CAWD232 中纯化了一种硫酸化环状聚醚—— Gambierone，并通过腹腔注射小鼠来测定其急性毒性。结果表明，它的毒性很低，LD 为 2.4mg/kg，比常见的太平洋雪卡毒素-1B 毒性低 9600 倍，表明它不太可能在雪卡中毒中发挥作用。此外，使用定量液相色谱-串联质谱法评估了来自 10 个 属的 20 个分离株、两个 属和两个 属的 Gambierone 和 44-甲基 Gambierone 的产生情况。Gambierone 由 7 个 属的物种产生，范围从 1 到 87pg/细胞，每个属的一个物种，从 2 到 17pg/细胞。44-甲基 Gambierone 的产生范围从 5 到 270pg/细胞，并且在所有测试的 属物种以及 和 属的两个物种中都普遍存在。这两种次生代谢物的相对产生比例表明，只有两个物种产生更多的 Gambierone，即 CAWD237 和 CAWD232。这是首次报道这些共生的底栖甲藻物种产生 Gambierone 的急性毒性和产生。虽然这些结果表明 Gambierones 不太可能对人类健康构成威胁，但需要进一步研究以了解它们是否在海洋食物网中生物积累。
