Johnson Litty, Duschl Albert, Himly Martin
Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
Vaccines (Basel). 2020 May 20;8(2):237. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020237.
The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases demands efficient therapeutic strategies for their mitigation. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only causal rather than symptomatic treatment method available for allergy. Currently, AIT is being administered using immune response modifiers or adjuvants. Adjuvants aid in the induction of a vigorous and long-lasting immune response, thereby improving the efficiency of AIT. The successful development of a novel adjuvant requires a thorough understanding of the conventional and novel adjuvants under development. Thus, this review discusses the potentials and challenges of these adjuvants and their mechanism of action. Vaccine development based on nanoparticles is a promising strategy for AIT, due to their inherent physicochemical properties, along with their ease of production and ability to stimulate innate immunity. Although nanoparticles have provided promising results as an adjuvant for AIT in in vivo studies, a deeper insight into the interaction of nanoparticle-allergen complexes with the immune system is necessary. This review focuses on the methods of harnessing the adjuvant effect of nanoparticles by detailing the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response, which includes allergen uptake, processing, presentation, and induction of T cell differentiation.
过敏性疾病患病率的不断上升需要有效的治疗策略来缓解病情。变应原特异性免疫疗法（AIT）是唯一可用于治疗过敏的病因性而非对症治疗方法。目前，AIT是使用免疫反应调节剂或佐剂来进行的。佐剂有助于诱导强烈且持久的免疫反应，从而提高AIT的效率。新型佐剂的成功研发需要深入了解正在研发的传统佐剂和新型佐剂。因此，本综述讨论了这些佐剂的潜力和挑战及其作用机制。基于纳米颗粒的疫苗研发是AIT的一种有前景的策略，这是由于其固有的物理化学性质，以及易于生产和刺激先天免疫的能力。尽管纳米颗粒在体内研究中作为AIT佐剂已取得了有前景的结果，但有必要更深入地了解纳米颗粒 - 变应原复合物与免疫系统的相互作用。本综述通过详细阐述免疫反应的分子机制，包括变应原摄取、加工、呈递和T细胞分化的诱导，重点关注利用纳米颗粒佐剂效应的方法。
