Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
Int J Pharm. 2020 Jul 30;585:119478. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119478. Epub 2020 May 27.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global health problem. Bacteria are able to adapt to different environments, with the presence or absence of a host, forming colonies and biofilms. In fact, biofilm formation confers chemical protection to the microbial cells, thus making most of the conventional antibiotics ineffective. Prevention and destruction of biofilms is a challenging task that should be addressed by a multidisciplinary approach from different research fields. One of the medical strategies used against biofilms is the therapy with drug delivery systems. Lipidic nanovesicles are a good choice for encapsulating drugs, increasing their pharmacodynamics and reducing side effects. These soft nanovesicles show significant advantages for their high biocompatibility, physical and chemistry properties, good affinity with drugs, and easy route of administration. This review summarizes the current knowledge on different types of vesicles which may be used as antibiotic carriers. The main preparation and purification methods for the synthesis of these vesicles are also presented. The advantages of drug encapsulation are critically reviewed. In addition, recent works on endolysin formulations as novel, "greener" and efficient antibiofilm solution are included. This paper can provide useful background for the design of novel efficient formulations and synergistic nanomaterials and could be also useful at the pharmaceutical industry to develop wastewater treatments and reduce the antibiotics in the environmental waters.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）已成为全球卫生问题。细菌能够适应不同的环境，有或没有宿主的存在，形成菌落和生物膜。事实上，生物膜的形成赋予了微生物细胞化学保护，从而使大多数常规抗生素失效。预防和破坏生物膜是一项具有挑战性的任务，需要多学科的方法，从不同的研究领域来解决。针对生物膜的医疗策略之一是使用药物输送系统进行治疗。脂质纳米囊泡是一种很好的药物封装选择，可提高其药效学并减少副作用。这些软纳米囊泡具有高生物相容性、物理和化学性质、与药物的良好亲和力以及易于给药的途径等显著优势。本文综述了可作为抗生素载体的不同类型囊泡的最新知识。还介绍了这些囊泡的主要制备和纯化方法。本文还对药物包封的优点进行了批判性评价。此外，还包括了作为新型、“更环保”和高效抗生物膜解决方案的内溶素制剂的最新研究工作。本文可为新型高效制剂和协同纳米材料的设计提供有用的背景信息，也可对制药行业开发废水处理和减少环境水中抗生素的使用提供帮助。
