Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
Atria Senior Living, Louisville, Kentucky.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2021 Jun 14;76(6):1114-1124. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa072.
Poor physical function is associated with negative health and cognitive outcomes. Although nine studies demonstrated that cognitive training reduces age-related declines in physical function, only one study has examined the effects beyond immediate posttest changes. The first aim of this study was to assess the impact of three cognitive training programs on physical function measures across 10 years and the second aim was to examine whether baseline cognitive self-efficacy or depressive symptoms moderated training effects.
Using data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) randomized controlled trial, older adults in a no-contact control condition (n = 698) were compared to those receiving processing speed (n = 702), memory (n = 703), or reasoning (n = 694) training. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and dosage analyses were conducted for grip strength and Turn 360. Participants were followed up to 10 years posttest.
There were no significant ITT effects of processing speed, memory, or reasoning training assignment to any physical function outcome (p > .05). Dosage models indicated that there were small age-related attenuation effects in Turn 360 decline with more processing speed training (b = -.011, p < .001), memory training (b = -.011, p < .001), and reasoning training (b = -.012, p < .001). There was no significant transfer to grip strength. These training gains were greater for those with more baseline depressive symptoms who received more processing speed training (b = -.001, p < .001).
This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of cognitive training to complex physical function across 10 years.
身体机能较差与健康和认知结果负面相关。虽然有九项研究表明认知训练可减少与年龄相关的身体机能下降，但仅有一项研究探讨了训练效果在即时测试后变化之外的情况。本研究的首要目的是评估三种认知训练方案对身体机能测量的影响，跨度达 10 年；其次是检验基线认知自我效能或抑郁症状是否对训练效果有调节作用。
使用来自高级认知训练对独立和健康老年人（ACTIVE）的随机对照试验的数据，与未接触控制条件（n=698）的老年人相比，接受处理速度（n=702）、记忆（n=703）或推理（n=694）训练的老年人被纳入研究。进行了意向治疗（ITT）和剂量分析，以评估握力和 360 度转身测试结果。参与者在测试后 10 年内被跟踪随访。
处理速度、记忆或推理训练分配对任何身体机能结果均无显著 ITT 影响（p>.05）。剂量模型表明，随着处理速度训练（b=-.011，p<.001）、记忆训练（b=-.011，p<.001）和推理训练（b=-.012，p<.001）的增加，360 度转身测试的下降出现了与年龄相关的微小衰减效应。与处理速度训练的相关性更强（b=-.001，p<.001）。这些训练效果的获益在基线抑郁症状更严重且接受更多处理速度训练的个体中更大。
这是第一项表明认知训练对 10 年内复杂身体机能具有影响的研究。
