School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
Hum Brain Mapp. 2020 Jul;41(10):2669-2685. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24970. Epub 2020 Jun 3.
Many studies have investigated how social exclusion influences cognitive control but reported inconsistent findings. Based on the dual mechanisms of control framework, this study investigated how social exclusion influences proactive and reactive modes of control (Experiment 1) and the underlying mechanisms (Experiment 2). The Cyberball game was used to manipulate social exclusion. Eighty-six female participants (about 40 for each experiment) performed cognitive control tasks while event-related potentials were recorded. In Experiment 1, an AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) was adopted to differentiate between proactive and reactive control. Results showed that social exclusion weakened proactive control but enhanced reactive control, as reflected by the weaker proactive control indicators (i.e., P3b and CNV), but strengthened reactive control indicators (accuracy and N2) in excluded individuals. More importantly, in Experiment 2, through varying in whether task cues were available before or after target onset in a cued-flanker task, we further manipulated the possibility of engaging proactive control, and found the weakened proactive control could be attributed to both impaired cognitive ability and lowered motivation to engage proactive control in excluded individuals. Together, these results provide insight on how social exclusion influences cognitive control and suggest promising implications for designing effective interventions to relieve the negative impact of social exclusion.
许多研究都探讨了社会排斥如何影响认知控制，但报告的结果并不一致。本研究基于控制的双重机制框架，探讨了社会排斥如何影响主动和被动控制模式（实验 1）以及潜在的机制（实验 2）。使用 Cyberball 游戏来操纵社会排斥。86 名女性参与者（每个实验约 40 名）在进行认知控制任务时记录事件相关电位。在实验 1 中，采用 AX 连续表现任务（AX-CPT）来区分主动和被动控制。结果表明，社会排斥削弱了主动控制，但增强了被动控制，这反映在被排斥者的主动控制指标（即 P3b 和 CNV）较弱，但被动控制指标（准确性和 N2）较强。更重要的是，在实验 2 中，通过在提示性侧抑制任务中改变目标出现前后任务提示的可用性，我们进一步操纵了主动控制的可能性，并发现被排斥者的主动控制减弱既归因于认知能力受损，也归因于主动控制的动机降低。总之，这些结果提供了关于社会排斥如何影响认知控制的深入了解，并为设计有效的干预措施以减轻社会排斥的负面影响提供了有希望的启示。
