DairySafe research group. Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products. Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC. Paseo Río Linares s/n. 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2020 Sep 1;44(5):538-564. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa021.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) encompasses industrially relevant bacteria involved in food fermentations as well as health-promoting members of our autochthonous microbiota. In the last years, we have witnessed major progresses in the knowledge of the biology of their cell wall, the outermost macrostructure of a Gram-positive cell, which is crucial for survival. Sophisticated biochemical analyses combined with mutation strategies have been applied to unravel biosynthetic routes that sustain the inter- and intra-species cell wall diversity within LAB. Interplay with global cell metabolism has been deciphered that improved our fundamental understanding of the plasticity of the cell wall during growth. The cell wall is also decisive for the antimicrobial activity of many bacteriocins, for bacteriophage infection and for the interactions with the external environment. Therefore, genetic circuits involved in monitoring cell wall damage have been described in LAB, together with a plethora of defence mechanisms that help them to cope with external threats and adapt to harsh conditions. Since the cell wall plays a pivotal role in several technological and health-promoting traits of LAB, we anticipate that this knowledge will pave the way for the future development and extended applications of LAB.
乳酸菌（LAB）包括参与食品发酵的工业相关细菌以及我们本土微生物群中有益健康的成员。在过去的几年中，我们见证了其细胞壁生物学的重大进展，细胞壁是革兰氏阳性细胞的最外层宏观结构，对细胞的生存至关重要。复杂的生化分析与突变策略相结合，已经被应用于揭示维持 LAB 内和 LAB 间细胞壁多样性的生物合成途径。与全球细胞代谢的相互作用已经被破译，这提高了我们对细胞壁在生长过程中可塑性的基本理解。细胞壁对许多细菌素的抗菌活性、噬菌体感染以及与外部环境的相互作用也起着决定性作用。因此，已经在 LAB 中描述了涉及监测细胞壁损伤的遗传回路，以及大量有助于它们应对外部威胁和适应恶劣条件的防御机制。由于细胞壁在 LAB 的几个技术和促进健康的特性中起着关键作用，我们预计这些知识将为 LAB 的未来发展和扩展应用铺平道路。
