Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Office of Data and Informatics, Material Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
Trends Microbiol. 2020 Jul;28(7):543-553. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.005. Epub 2020 Apr 10.
The battle between microbes and their viruses is ancient and ongoing. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) immunity, the first and, to date, only form of adaptive immunity found in prokaryotes, represents a flexible mechanism to recall past infections while also adapting to a changing pathogenic environment. Critical to the role of CRISPR as an adaptive immune mechanism is its capacity for self versus non-self recognition when acquiring novel immune memories. Yet, CRISPR systems vary widely in both how and to what degree they can distinguish foreign from self-derived genetic material. We document known and hypothesized mechanisms that bias the acquisition of immune memory towards non-self targets. We demonstrate that diversity is the rule, with many widespread but no universal mechanisms for self versus non-self recognition.
微生物与其病毒之间的斗争由来已久，且仍在持续。成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）免疫是原核生物中发现的第一种也是迄今为止唯一一种适应性免疫形式，它代表了一种灵活的机制，可以回忆过去的感染，同时适应不断变化的致病环境。CRISPR 作为一种适应性免疫机制的关键在于，在获取新的免疫记忆时，它具有自我与非自我识别的能力。然而，CRISPR 系统在区分外来和自身遗传物质的方式和程度上存在广泛差异。我们记录了已知和假设的偏向于非自我靶标获取免疫记忆的机制。我们证明，多样性是普遍规律，存在许多广泛存在但没有普遍适用的自我与非自我识别机制。
