Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada.
Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Jan;16(1):12-17. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.120. Epub 2017 Oct 24.
CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems are widespread among bacteria and archaea. Recent studies have shown that these systems have minimal long-term evolutionary effects in limiting horizontal gene transfer. This suggests that the ability to evade CRISPR-Cas immunity must also be widespread in phages and other mobile genetic elements. In this Progress article, we discuss recent discoveries that highlight how phages inactivate CRISPR-Cas systems by using anti-CRISPR proteins, and we outline evolutionary and biotechnological implications of their activity.
CRISPR-Cas 适应性免疫系统在细菌和古菌中广泛存在。最近的研究表明，这些系统在限制水平基因转移方面对长期进化的影响最小。这表明，逃避 CRISPR-Cas 免疫的能力也必须在噬菌体和其他移动遗传元件中广泛存在。在这篇进展文章中，我们讨论了最近的发现，这些发现强调了噬菌体如何通过使用抗 CRISPR 蛋白来使 CRISPR-Cas 系统失活，我们还概述了它们活动的进化和生物技术意义。
