Piontek Melissa, Seymour Jamie E, Wong Yide, Gilstrom Tyler, Potriquet Jeremy, Jennings Ernest, Nimmo Alan, Miles John J
James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
Toxicon X. 2020 Feb 24;6:100026. doi: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100026. eCollection 2020 Jun.
The large box jellyfish is found in northern Australian waters. A sting from this cubozoan species can kill within minutes. From clinical and animal studies, symptoms comprise severe pain, welts, scarring, hypotension, vasospasms, cardiac irregularities and cardiac arrest. At present, there is no cure and opioids are used to manage pain. Antivenom is available but controversy exists over its effectiveness. Experimental and combination therapies performed and have shown varied efficacy. These inconsistent results are likely a consequence of the different methods used to extract venom. Recent omics analysis has shed light on the systems of venom action including new toxin classes that use pore formation, cell membrane collapse and ion channel modulation. This review covers what is known on pathomechanisms and highlights current gaps in knowledge. A more complete understanding of the mechanisms of venom-induced pathology may lead to novel treatments and possibly, the discovery of novel cell pathways, novel drug scaffolds and novel drug targets for human disease.
大型箱形水母分布于澳大利亚北部海域。这种立方水母蜇伤后几分钟内就可能致人死亡。根据临床和动物研究，症状包括剧痛、伤痕、疤痕、低血压、血管痉挛、心律不齐和心脏骤停。目前尚无治愈方法，使用阿片类药物来缓解疼痛。有抗蛇毒血清，但关于其有效性存在争议。已开展的实验性和联合疗法疗效各异。这些不一致的结果可能是由于提取毒液的方法不同所致。最近的组学分析揭示了毒液作用机制，包括利用孔形成、细胞膜塌陷和离子通道调节的新毒素类别。本综述涵盖了已知的发病机制，并突出了当前知识上的空白。对毒液诱导病理机制的更全面理解可能会带来新的治疗方法，并有可能发现新的细胞途径、新的药物支架和针对人类疾病的新药物靶点。
