Fodor András, Abate Birhan Addisie, Deák Péter, Fodor László, Gyenge Ervin, Klein Michael G, Koncz Zsuzsanna, Muvevi Josephat, Ötvös László, Székely Gyöngyi, Vozik Dávid, Makrai László
Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology Directorate, Addis Ababa 5954, Ethiopia.
Pathogens. 2020 Jun 29;9(7):522. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9070522.
Antibiotic poly-resistance (multidrug-, extreme-, and pan-drug resistance) is controlled by adaptive evolution. Darwinian and Lamarckian interpretations of resistance evolution are discussed. Arguments for, and against, pessimistic forecasts on a fatal "post-antibiotic era" are evaluated. In commensal niches, the appearance of a new antibiotic resistance often reduces fitness, but compensatory mutations may counteract this tendency. The appearance of new antibiotic resistance is frequently accompanied by a collateral sensitivity to other resistances. Organisms with an expanding open pan-genome, such as and can withstand an increased number of resistances by exploiting their evolutionary plasticity and disseminating clonally or poly-clonally. Multidrug-resistant pathogen clones can become predominant under antibiotic stress conditions but, under the influence of negative frequency-dependent selection, are prevented from rising to dominance in a population in a commensal niche. Antimicrobial peptides have a great potential to combat multidrug resistance, since antibiotic-resistant bacteria have shown a high frequency of collateral sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides. In addition, the mobility patterns of antibiotic resistance, and antimicrobial peptide resistance, genes are completely different. The integron trade in commensal niches is fortunately limited by the species-specificity of resistance genes. Hence, we theorize that the suggested post-antibiotic era has not yet come, and indeed might never come.
抗生素多重耐药性（多药耐药、极端耐药和泛耐药）受适应性进化控制。本文讨论了对耐药性进化的达尔文主义和拉马克主义解释。评估了支持和反对对致命“后抗生素时代”悲观预测的论据。在共生生态位中，新抗生素耐药性的出现通常会降低适应性，但补偿性突变可能会抵消这种趋势。新抗生素耐药性的出现常常伴随着对其他耐药性的附带敏感性。具有不断扩展的开放泛基因组的生物体，如[具体物种1]和[具体物种2]，可以通过利用其进化可塑性并以克隆或多克隆方式传播来抵御更多的耐药性。多重耐药病原体克隆在抗生素应激条件下可能会占主导地位，但在负频率依赖性选择的影响下，它们在共生生态位的种群中不会占据主导地位。抗菌肽具有对抗多重耐药性的巨大潜力，因为抗生素耐药细菌对抗菌肽表现出较高频率的附带敏感性。此外，抗生素耐药基因和抗菌肽耐药基因的移动模式完全不同。幸运的是，共生生态位中的整合子交换受到耐药基因物种特异性的限制。因此，我们推测所提出的后抗生素时代尚未到来，而且实际上可能永远不会到来。
