Jones Jeb, Sullivan Patrick S, Sanchez Travis H, Guest Jodie L, Hall Eric W, Luisi Nicole, Zlotorzynska Maria, Wilde Gretchen, Bradley Heather, Siegler Aaron J
Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jul 10;22(7):e20001. doi: 10.2196/20001.
Existing health disparities based on race and ethnicity in the United States are contributing to disparities in morbidity and mortality during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted an online survey of American adults to assess similarities and differences by race and ethnicity with respect to COVID-19 symptoms, estimates of the extent of the pandemic, knowledge of control measures, and stigma.
The aim of this study was to describe similarities and differences in COVID-19 symptoms, knowledge, and beliefs by race and ethnicity among adults in the United States.
We conducted a cross-sectional survey from March 27, 2020 through April 1, 2020. Participants were recruited on social media platforms and completed the survey on a secure web-based survey platform. We used chi-square tests to compare characteristics related to COVID-19 by race and ethnicity. Statistical tests were corrected using the Holm Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons.
A total of 1435 participants completed the survey; 52 (3.6%) were Asian, 158 (11.0%) were non-Hispanic Black, 548 (38.2%) were Hispanic, 587 (40.9%) were non-Hispanic White, and 90 (6.3%) identified as other or multiple races. Only one symptom (sore throat) was found to be different based on race and ethnicity (P=.003); this symptom was less frequently reported by Asian (3/52, 5.8%), non-Hispanic Black (9/158, 5.7%), and other/multiple race (8/90, 8.9%) participants compared to those who were Hispanic (99/548, 18.1%) or non-Hispanic White (95/587, 16.2%). Non-Hispanic White and Asian participants were more likely to estimate that the number of current cases was at least 100,000 (P=.004) and were more likely to answer all 14 COVID-19 knowledge scale questions correctly (Asian participants, 13/52, 25.0%; non-Hispanic White participants, 180/587, 30.7%) compared to Hispanic (108/548, 19.7%) and non-Hispanic Black (25/158, 15.8%) participants.
We observed differences with respect to knowledge of appropriate methods to prevent infection by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Deficits in knowledge of proper control methods may further exacerbate existing race/ethnicity disparities. Additional research is needed to identify trusted sources of information in Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black communities and create effective messaging to disseminate correct COVID-19 prevention and treatment information.
美国现有的基于种族和族裔的健康差异正在加剧冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行期间的发病和死亡差异。我们对美国成年人进行了一项在线调查，以评估不同种族和族裔在COVID-19症状、对疫情范围的估计、控制措施的了解以及污名化方面的异同。
本研究的目的是描述美国成年人中不同种族和族裔在COVID-19症状、知识和信念方面的异同。
我们在2020年3月27日至4月1日期间进行了一项横断面调查。参与者通过社交媒体平台招募，并在一个安全的基于网络的调查平台上完成调查。我们使用卡方检验来比较不同种族和族裔与COVID-19相关的特征。使用霍尔姆·邦费罗尼校正对统计检验进行校正，以考虑多重比较。
共有1435名参与者完成了调查；52人（3.6%）为亚洲人，158人（11.0%）为非西班牙裔黑人，548人（38.2%）为西班牙裔，587人（40.9%）为非西班牙裔白人，90人（6.3%）被认定为其他或多个种族。仅发现一种症状（喉咙痛）因种族和族裔而异（P = 0.003）；与西班牙裔（99/548，18.1%）或非西班牙裔白人（95/587，16.2%）参与者相比，亚洲（3/52，5.8%）、非西班牙裔黑人（9/158，5.7%）和其他/多个种族（8/90，8.9%）参与者报告该症状的频率较低。非西班牙裔白人和亚洲参与者更有可能估计当前病例数至少为10万（P = 0.004），并且与西班牙裔（108/548，19.7%）和非西班牙裔黑人（25/158，15.8%）参与者相比，更有可能正确回答所有14个COVID-19知识量表问题（亚洲参与者，13/52，25.0%；非西班牙裔白人参与者，180/587，30.7%）。
我们观察到在预防由导致COVID-19的新型冠状病毒感染的适当方法的知识方面存在差异。正确控制方法知识的不足可能会进一步加剧现有的种族/族裔差异。需要进行更多研究，以确定西班牙裔和非西班牙裔黑人社区中可信的信息来源，并创建有效的信息传播，以传播正确的COVID-19预防和治疗信息。
