MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Jul 3;69(5):1-38. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6905a1.
HEPATITIS A IS A VACCINE-PREVENTABLE, COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OF THE LIVER CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV). THE INFECTION IS TRANSMITTED VIA THE FECAL-ORAL ROUTE, USUALLY FROM DIRECT PERSON-TO-PERSON CONTACT OR CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER. HEPATITIS A IS AN ACUTE, SELF-LIMITED DISEASE THAT DOES NOT RESULT IN CHRONIC INFECTION. HAV ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULIN G [IGG] ANTI-HAV) PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO HAV INFECTION PERSIST FOR LIFE AND PROTECT AGAINST REINFECTION; IGG ANTI-HAV PRODUCED AFTER VACCINATION CONFER LONG-TERM IMMUNITY. THIS REPORT SUPPLANTS AND SUMMARIZES PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES (ACIP) REGARDING THE PREVENTION OF HAV INFECTION IN THE UNITED STATES. ACIP RECOMMENDS ROUTINE VACCINATION OF CHILDREN AGED 12-23 MONTHS AND CATCH-UP VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AGED 2-18 YEARS WHO HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED HEPATITIS A (HEPA) VACCINE AT ANY AGE. ACIP RECOMMENDS HEPA VACCINATION FOR ADULTS AT RISK FOR HAV INFECTION OR SEVERE DISEASE FROM HAV INFECTION AND FOR ADULTS REQUESTING PROTECTION AGAINST HAV WITHOUT ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF A RISK FACTOR. THESE RECOMMENDATIONS ALSO PROVIDE GUIDANCE FOR VACCINATION BEFORE TRAVEL, FOR POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS, IN SETTINGS PROVIDING SERVICES TO ADULTS, AND DURING OUTBREAKS.
甲型肝炎是一种由甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）引起的可预防的、传染性的肝脏疾病。这种感染通过粪-口途径传播，通常是通过直接的人与人接触或食用受污染的食物或水。甲型肝炎是一种急性、自限性疾病，不会导致慢性感染。针对 HAV 感染产生的 HAV 抗体（免疫球蛋白 G [IgG]抗-HAV）终生存在，并可预防再次感染；接种疫苗后产生的 IgG 抗-HAV 可提供长期免疫。本报告取代并总结了免疫实践咨询委员会（ACIP）之前发布的关于在美国预防 HAV 感染的建议。ACIP 建议对 12-23 月龄儿童常规接种疫苗，并对 2-18 岁未在任何年龄接种过甲型肝炎（Hepa）疫苗的儿童和青少年进行补种。ACIP 建议对有感染 HAV 风险或感染 HAV 后可能出现严重疾病风险的成年人以及未确认感染风险因素但要求预防 HAV 的成年人接种 Hepa 疫苗。这些建议还为旅行前、暴露后预防、为成年人提供服务的场所以及疫情期间的疫苗接种提供了指导。
