Social, Economic, and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Social, Economic, and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2020 Sep;24(9):760-776. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.06.005. Epub 2020 Jun 30.
Peaceful intergroup relations deteriorate when individuals engage in parochial cooperation and parochial competition. To understand when and why intergroup relations change from peaceful to violent, we present a theoretical framework mapping out the different interdependence structures between groups. According to this framework, cooperation can lead to group expansion and ultimately to carrying-capacity stress. In such cases of endogenously created carrying-capacity stress, intergroup relations are more likely to become negatively interdependent, and parochial competition can emerge as a response. We discuss the cognitive, neural, and hormonal building blocks of parochial cooperation, and conclude that conflict between groups can be the inadvertent consequence of human preparedness - biological and cultural - to solve cooperation problems within groups.
当个人从事狭隘的合作和狭隘的竞争时，和平的群体间关系就会恶化。为了理解群体间关系何时以及为何从和平变为暴力，我们提出了一个理论框架，描绘了群体之间不同的相互依存结构。根据这一框架，合作可以导致群体扩张，最终导致承载能力压力。在这种由内生创造的承载能力压力的情况下，群体间关系更有可能变得相互依赖，狭隘的竞争可能会出现作为回应。我们讨论了狭隘合作的认知、神经和荷尔蒙组成部分，并得出结论，群体之间的冲突可能是人类准备解决群体内部合作问题的生物学和文化的意外后果。
