Adlhoch Cornelia, Brouwer Adam, Kuiken Thijs, Miteva Aleksandra, Mulatti Paolo, Smietanka Krzysztof, Staubach Christoph, Gogin Andrey, Muñoz Guajardo Irene, Baldinelli Francesca
EFSA J. 2018 Dec 20;16(12):e05573. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5573. eCollection 2018 Dec.
Between 16 August and 15 November 2018, 14 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria and seven HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks, one in captive birds in Germany and six in wild birds in Denmark and the Netherlands were reported in the European Union (EU). No human infection due to HPAI A(H5N8) and A(H5N6) viruses have been reported in Europe so far. Seroconversion of people exposed during outbreaks in Russia has been reported in one study. Although the risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low, appropriate personal protection measures of people exposed will reduce any potential risk. Genetic clustering of the viruses isolated from poultry in Bulgaria suggests three separate introductions in 2016 and a continuing circulation and transmission of these viruses within domestic ducks. Recent data from Bulgaria provides further indication that the sensitivity of passive surveillance of HPAI A(H5N8) in domestic ducks may be significantly compromised. Increased vigilance is needed especially during the periods of cold spells in winter when aggregations of wild birds and their movements towards areas with more favourable weather conditions may be encouraged. Two HPAI outbreaks in poultry were reported during this period from western Russia. Low numbers of HPAI outbreaks were observed in Africa and Asia, no HPAI cases were detected in wild birds in the time period relevant for this report. Although a few HPAI outbreaks were reported in Africa and Asia during the reporting period, the probability of HPAI virus introductions from non-EU countries via wild birds particularly via the north-eastern route from Russia is increasing, as the fall migration of wild birds from breeding and moulting sites to the wintering sites continues. Furthermore, the lower temperatures and ultraviolet radiation in winter can facilitate the environmental survival of any potential AI viruses introduced to Europe.
2018年8月16日至11月15日期间，欧盟报告了保加利亚家禽养殖场发生的14起高致病性禽流感A(H5N8)疫情，以及7起高致病性禽流感A(H5N6)疫情，其中德国圈养鸟类发生1起，丹麦和荷兰野生鸟类发生6起。目前欧洲尚无因高致病性禽流感A(H5N8)和A(H5N6)病毒导致人类感染的报告。一项研究报告了俄罗斯疫情期间暴露人群的血清转化情况。尽管欧洲人畜共患传播给普通公众的风险被认为非常低，但对暴露人群采取适当的个人防护措施将降低任何潜在风险。从保加利亚家禽中分离出的病毒的基因聚类表明，2016年有三次独立传入，且这些病毒在家鸭中持续循环和传播。保加利亚的最新数据进一步表明，家鸭中高致病性禽流感A(H5N8)被动监测的敏感性可能会受到显著影响。尤其在冬季寒潮期间需要提高警惕，此时野生鸟类聚集，并可能向天气条件更适宜的地区迁徙。在此期间，俄罗斯西部报告了两起家禽高致病性禽流感疫情。非洲和亚洲观察到的高致病性禽流感疫情数量较少，在本报告所涉时间段内未在野生鸟类中检测到高致病性禽流感病例。尽管在报告期内非洲和亚洲报告了几起高致病性禽流感疫情，但随着野生鸟类从繁殖和换羽地向越冬地的秋季迁徙仍在继续，高致病性禽流感病毒从非欧盟国家通过野生鸟类，特别是从俄罗斯经由东北路线传入的可能性正在增加。此外，冬季较低的温度和紫外线辐射可以促进引入欧洲的任何潜在禽流感病毒在环境中的存活。
