Adlhoch Cornelia, Fusaro Alice, Gonzales José L, Kuiken Thijs, Marangon Stefano, Niqueux Éric, Staubach Christoph, Terregino Calogero, Baldinelli Francesca
EFSA J. 2020 Dec 16;18(12):e06379. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6379. eCollection 2020 Dec.
Between 15 August and 7 December 2020, 561highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus detections were reported in 15EU/EEA countries and UK in wild birds, poultry andcaptive birds, with Germany (n=370), Denmark (n=65), the Netherlands (n=57) being the most affected countries.The majority of the detections have been reported in wild birds(n=510), primarily in barnacle goose, greylag goose, andEurasian wigeon. Raptors have also been detected infected, particularly common buzzard. The majority of the birds had been found dead or moribund,however, there are also reports ofHPAI virus infection in apparently healthy ducks or geese.A total of 43 HPAI outbreaks were notified in poultry;with signs of avian influenza infection being observed in at least 33 outbreaks;the most likely source of infection was indirect contact with wild birds. Three HPAI virus subtypes, A(H5N8) (n=518), A(H5N5) (n=17) and A(H5N1) (n=6),and four different genotypes were identified, suggesting the occurrence of multiple virus introductions into Europe.The reassortant A(H5N1) virus identified in EU/EEA countries has acquired gene segments from low pathogenic viruses and is not related to A(H5N1) viruses of e.g. clade 2.3.2.1c causing human infections outside of Europe. As the autumn migration of wild waterbirds to their wintering areasin Europe continues, and given the expected local movements of these birds, there is still a high risk of introduction andfurther spread ofHPAI A(H5) viruses within Europe.The risk of virus spread from wild birds to poultry is high and Member States should enforce in 'high risk areas' of their territories the measures provided for in Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1136.Detection of outbreaks in breeder farms in Denmark, the Netherlands and United Kingdom, highlight also the risk of introduction via contaminated materials (bedding/straw) and equipment.Maintaining high and sustainable surveillance and biosecurityparticularly in high-risk areas is of utmost importance. Two human cases due to zoonoticA(H5N1) and A(H9N2) avian influenza virus infection were reportedduring the reporting period. The risk for the general population as well as travel-related imported human cases are assessed as very low.
2020年8月15日至12月7日期间，15个欧盟/欧洲经济区国家和英国报告了561起高致病性禽流感（HPAI）病毒检测事件，涉及野生鸟类、家禽和圈养鸟类，受影响最严重的国家是德国（n = 370）、丹麦（n = 65）、荷兰（n = 57）。大部分检测事件发生在野生鸟类中（n = 510），主要是白额雁、灰雁和赤颈鸭。猛禽也被检测出感染，尤其是普通鵟。大多数鸟类被发现死亡或濒死，不过也有报告称在看似健康的鸭或鹅中检测到HPAI病毒感染。家禽中总共通报了43起HPAI疫情；至少在33起疫情中观察到禽流感感染迹象；最可能的感染源是与野生鸟类的间接接触。鉴定出三种HPAI病毒亚型，A(H5N8)（n = 518）、A(H5N5)（n = 17）和A(H5N1)（n = 6），以及四种不同的基因型，这表明欧洲出现了多次病毒传入情况。在欧盟/欧洲经济区国家鉴定出的重组A(H5N1)病毒获得了低致病性病毒的基因片段，与例如在欧洲以外地区导致人类感染的2.3.2.1c分支的A(H5N1)病毒无关。随着野生水鸟秋季向欧洲越冬地迁徙的继续，以及考虑到这些鸟类预期的本地移动，HPAI A(H5)病毒在欧洲境内仍有很高的传入和进一步传播风险。病毒从野生鸟类传播到家禽的风险很高，成员国应在其领土的“高风险地区”执行委员会实施决定（欧盟）2018/1136规定的措施。丹麦、荷兰和英国种鸡场疫情的检测也凸显了通过受污染材料（垫料/稻草）和设备传入的风险。尤其在高风险地区保持高度和可持续的监测及生物安全至关重要。在报告期内报告了两例因人畜共患A(H5N1)和A(H9N2)禽流感病毒感染的人类病例。一般人群以及与旅行相关的输入性人类病例的风险被评估为非常低。
