Liu Yongqiang, Kochanski Adam, Baker Kirk R, Mell William, Linn Rodman, Paugam Ronan, Mandel Jan, Fournier Aime, Jenkins Mary Ann, Goodrick Scott, Achtemeier Gary, Zhao Fengjun, Ottmar Roger, French Nancy Hf, Larkin Narasimhan, Brown Timothy, Hudak Andrew, Dickinson Matthew, Potter Brian, Clements Craig, Urbanski Shawn, Prichard Susan, Watts Adam, McNamara Derek
U.S. Forest Service.
University of Utah.
Int J Wildland Fire. 2019;28(8):570. doi: 10.1071/wf18204.
There is an urgent need for next-generation smoke research and forecasting (SRF) systems to meet the challenges of the growing air quality, health, and safety concerns associated with wildland fire emissions. This review paper presents simulations and experiments of hypothetical prescribed burns with a suite of selected fire behavior and smoke models and identifies major issues for model improvement and the most critical observational needs. The results are used to understand the new and improved capability required for the next-generation SRF systems and to support the design of the Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) and other field campaigns. The next-generation SRF systems should have more coupling of fire, smoke, and atmospheric processes to better simulate and forecast vertical smoke distributions and multiple sub-plumes, dynamical and high-resolution fire processes, and local and regional smoke chemistry during day and night. The development of the coupling capability requires comprehensive and spatially and temporally integrated measurements across the various disciplines to characterize flame and energy structure (e.g., individual cells, vertical heat profile and the height of well mixing flaming gases), smoke structure (vertical distributions and multiple sub-plumes), ambient air processes (smoke eddy, entrainment and radiative effects of smoke aerosols), fire emissions (for different fuel types and combustion conditions from flaming to residual smoldering), as well as night-time processes (smoke drainage and super-fog formation).
迫切需要新一代烟雾研究与预测（SRF）系统，以应对与野火排放相关的空气质量、健康和安全问题日益增长所带来的挑战。这篇综述论文展示了使用一系列选定的火灾行为和烟雾模型对假设规定燃烧进行的模拟和实验，并确定了模型改进的主要问题以及最关键的观测需求。这些结果用于了解下一代SRF系统所需的新的和改进的能力，并支持火灾与烟雾模型评估实验（FASMEE）及其他野外活动的设计。下一代SRF系统应更好地耦合火灾、烟雾和大气过程，以更准确地模拟和预测垂直烟雾分布和多个子羽流、动态和高分辨率火灾过程，以及白天和夜间的局部和区域烟雾化学。耦合能力的发展需要跨学科进行全面的、时空一体化的测量，以表征火焰和能量结构（例如单个气团、垂直热剖面和充分混合的燃烧气体高度）、烟雾结构（垂直分布和多个子羽流）、环境空气过程（烟雾涡旋、烟雾气溶胶的夹带和辐射效应）、火灾排放（针对从明火燃烧到残余闷烧的不同燃料类型和燃烧条件）以及夜间过程（烟雾排放和超级雾形成）。
