Detection and integrated analysis of lncRNA and mRNA relevant to plateau adaptation of Yak.

Known as the 'ship of the plateau', through thousands of years evolution and cruelty environments selection containing low oxygen and strong ultraviolet radiation, yaks have adapted plateau environments and supplied important goods and materials for the people in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes and novel long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of yaks for the Plateau adaptation and their underlying co-expression and regulatory network. We carried out RNA-seq analysis for cerebral and cerebellar tissue specimens of Bos taurus, Bos grunniens × Bos Taurus and B. grunniens. Furthermore, 12,072 pseudo lncRNAs were predicted using three software. In total, 4,257 significant DE transcripts were identified using the Ballgown R package (p < .01), of which 1,021 were protein-coding genes, 14 were known lncRNAs, and 661 were novel lncRNAs. Using WGCNA, a co-expression network of DE mRNAs and lncRNAs comprising 5 modules was generated to determine functional associations clusters. This study reveals a valuable sub-network comprising 8 hub genes, one known lncRNA and 5 novel lncRNAs in the major module. These hub genes are associated with blood pressure regulation, generation of reactive oxygen species and metabolism. The analysis of co-expressed genes thus provides a basis for the regulatory mechanisms in PA in Yaks and for the detection of additional genes between cross-breed and parent populations.